活性炭去除飛灰中的重金屬

　　本(ben)文著重(zhong)于活(huo)性(xing)炭在(zai)電氣修復技術中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)應用，從城市固體廢物(wu)焚燒(shao)飛灰中(zhong)(zhong)去(qu)除(chu)重(zhong)金屬。活(huo)性(xing)炭通(tong)過N 2中(zhong)(zhong)的(de) H 3 PO 4.通(tong)過平衡(heng)吸(xi)(xi)附實驗(yan)，對活(huo)性(xing)炭對重(zhong)金屬吸(xi)(xi)附能力的(de)影響(xiang)進行(xing)了檢測(ce)。激光溫度(du)為(wei)(wei)450℃，浸(jin)泡時間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)10h，浸(jin)漬比為(wei)(wei)1.活(huo)性(xing)炭反應在(zai)5條(tiao)件下進行(xing)。在(zai)電解槽的(de)S在(zai)3個(ge)區域添加活(huo)性(xing)炭可以(yi)有效(xiao)地提高重(zhong)金屬的(de)去(qu)除(chu)效(xiao)率。耦合(he)實驗(yan)進一(yi)步優化了電壓梯度(du)、加工(gong)時間(jian)(jian)和比例的(de)技術參數(shu)，Cu，Zn，Cd，Pb*大去(qu)除(chu)率分別為(wei)(wei)84.93%，69.61%，79.57%和78.55%電壓梯度(du)為(wei)(wei)2 V / cm，加工(gong)時間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)8 d，比例為(wei)(wei)20%。

　　城市化進(jin)程加快，能耗高，垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)量(liang)大。我們(men)需要集(ji)中精力(li)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)。垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)焚(fen)燒已成為(wei)垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)處(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)主要手段之一。它涉及到減(jian)(jian)少(shao)垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)、節省空間、消除各種(zhong)病原(yuan)體、將有(you)毒有(you)害物質(zhi)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)無害物質(zhi)的(de)(de)熱處(chu)理(li)。然而，通(tong)過焚(fen)燒垃(la)(la)(la)圾(ji)，飛灰含(han)有(you)更多(duo)的(de)(de)可溶性(xing)鹽和HMS生(sheng)產(chan)會污染水和土壤，污染環(huan)(huan)(huan)境，危害人體健康。因此(ci)，如果我們(men)使用(yong)活性(xing)炭減(jian)(jian)少(shao)飛灰中的(de)(de)重金屬(shu)含(han)量(liang)，就可以減(jian)(jian)輕(qing)其對生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)危害，降低環(huan)(huan)(huan)境事故的(de)(de)可能性(xing)，環(huan)(huan)(huan)境安全問題可以解決。

　　活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)作為一種非極性(xing)(xing)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑，是目前(qian)實驗中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)*廣泛的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)劑之一，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)廣泛，易(yi)于獲得，相(xiang)對便宜。具有良好的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)能力(li)和穩定的化(hua)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能：耐(nai)酸堿、耐(nai)高(gao)溫(wen)、高(gao)壓和水侵蝕，也(ye)可(ke)通過(guo)激活和再生重(zhong)復使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。盡管與無機相(xiang)比HMS 鎘、銅、鉛(qian)、鉻(ge)等有機化(hua)合物的有效吸(xi)(xi)收劑。重(zhong)金屬(shu)的固(gu)定可(ke)以通過(guo)改(gai)變成型條件來(lai)提高(gao)其表面(mian)性(xing)(xing)能。在大多數報告中(zhong)，優化(hua)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)活化(hua)以獲得更好的多孔活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。

　　目前(qian)的實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)目的(i)討論成型(xing)(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(如活化溫(wen)度(du)、活化時間(jian)(jian)和活化劑比例)HMs影響活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的吸附性(xing)(xing)能，確認(ren)活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的*佳(jia)成型(xing)(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(ii)通過EKR此(ci)外(wai)，活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)縮短了處(chu)理時間(jian)(jian)。根據這些目標，在耦(ou)合(he)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)*佳(jia)成型(xing)(xing)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)的自制活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)，探(tan)索重金屬(shu)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率的提(ti)高(gao)。在不(bu)同的電(dian)壓梯(ti)度(du)、處(chu)理時間(jian)(jian)和活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)比例下(xia)進行批(pi)量(liang)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。因此(ci)，可(ke)以(yi)獲得(de)適當的耦(ou)合(he)測(ce)試(shi)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)參(can)數(shu)。實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)結(jie)束后，進行了評估MS在MSWI飛灰(hui)中(zhong)的去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)效(xiao)率和浸出毒性(xing)(xing)(i)確定重金屬(shu)的去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)和(ii)樣品中(zhong)耦(ou)合(he)系統(tong)的修復效(xiao)果直接測(ce)量(liang)。采(cai)用(yong)X射(she)線衍射(she)(XRD)，掃描電(dian)子顯微鏡(SEM)紅外(wai)光(guang)譜變紅外(wai)光(guang)譜(FTIR)進一(yi)步分(fen)析和理解MSWI飛灰(hui)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)HMs的機(ji)理。

　　成型條件對(dui)活性(xing)炭吸附能力(li)的(de)影響

　　在平(ping)衡吸(xi)(xi)附實(shi)驗(yan)中，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬鹽被用(yong)作吸(xi)(xi)收劑，具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結(jie)果(guo)如表(biao)所(suo)示(shi)。本研究(jiu)采用(yong)的碳(tan)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范圍為(wei)350-600℃，浸(jin)漬比(bi)為(wei)1.浸(jin)泡時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)10 h。從(cong)圖1a隨著(zhu)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)在不(bu)同活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)的物(wu)理結(jie)構性(xing)能(neng)明(ming)顯(xian)，BET表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)開(kai)始迅(xun)速(su)增(zeng)(zeng)加，然(ran)后(hou)緩(huan)慢下(xia)降(jiang)，*終達到(dao)穩(wen)定狀態。雖然(ran)微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)、總孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)和微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)呈現先增(zeng)(zeng)后(hou)減(jian)的趨(qu)勢。BET比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)和總孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)350-450℃快速(su)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)，達到(dao)*大值1587.32米2 / g且1.73cm3分(fen)別/450度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)克。當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)500℃總孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)和微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)逐漸(jian)減(jian)小。從(cong)圖2a所(suo)有殘(can)留(liu)(liu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)均為(wei)450℃當(dang)*終熱處理溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)450時(shi)，達到(dao)*小值℃隨著(zhu)碳(tan)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，殘(can)留(liu)(liu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)加。350℃至450℃四種(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬的吸(xi)(xi)附能(neng)力(li)顯(xian)著(zhu)提高(gao)。當(dang)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)低(di)于450時(shi)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)的孔(kong)(kong)隙主要是由有機(ji)物(wu)揮發引起的℃活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)不(bu)完全，比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)小，微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)和介孔(kong)(kong)少 因此(ci)，HMs吸(xi)(xi)附能(neng)力(li)弱，殘(can)留(liu)(liu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)。早期(qi)，BET隨著(zhu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)和總孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)加，吸(xi)(xi)附能(neng)力(li)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)(zeng)強，殘(can)留(liu)(liu)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)趨(qu)于降(jiang)低(di)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)450℃當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)時(shi)，比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)不(bu)會發生顯(xian)著(zhu)變化(hua)，但高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)會破(po)壞活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附能(neng)力(li)的微(wei)孔(kong)(kong)，當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)450時(shi)，剩余(yu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)金屬的水平(ping)會逐漸(jian)趨(qu)勢°C時(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)加。

　　磷酸(suan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)用于目前(qian)的(de)(de)研(yan)究。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)對(dui)重(zhong)金(jin)屬的(de)(de)吸附(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力隨著活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)溫度、浸泡時間(jian)和(he)浸漬比的(de)(de)增(zeng)加而(er)增(zeng)加。活(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)溫度500℃，浸泡時間(jian)10h，浸漬比為1.5，賦予Cu，Zn，Cd和(he)Pb平衡吸附(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力為117.96 mg / g，73.72 mg / g，21.01 mg / g，35.97mg / g。在電解槽S在3個(ge)區域增(zeng)加交(jiao)流電可以有效地提高(gao)有機污染物(wu)的(de)(de)吸附(fu)效率。原始活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)的(de)(de)碳表(biao)面(mian)呈蜂窩(wo)狀，大面(mian)積(ji)和(he)多壁交(jiao)聯(lian)保證(zheng)了高(gao)吸附(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力和(he)多個(ge)反應點。實驗前(qian)后活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學成分的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)表(biao)明，在實驗前(qian)后EKR重(zhong)金(jin)屬物(wu)理化(hua)(hua)(hua)學吸附(fu)存在于整(zheng)個(ge)修復過程(cheng)中，導致重(zhong)金(jin)屬去(qu)除(chu)率高(gao)。