活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的電化學性(xing)(xing)能(neng)

　　能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源問題是21世紀(ji)活性(xing)炭(tan)電化學性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)*顯著(zhu)的(de)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)挑(tiao)戰之一。全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)對能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源供應和環境保護(hu)的(de)需(xu)(xu)求急劇增(zeng)加，迫(po)使世界面(mian)臨經濟(ji)危機。據(ju)*近報道，全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗每(mei)年約為(wei)4.1×10 20 J--其(qi)80%來(lai)自不可再生碳密集型化石(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)，包括(kuo)煤、石(shi)油和天然氣。過度依賴燃(ran)燒化石(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)帶來(lai)了(le)許(xu)多(duo)環境問題，增(zeng)加了(le)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)經濟(ji)的(de)負(fu)擔。隨著(zhu)世界的(de)不斷發(fa)展，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源需(xu)(xu)求迅速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)，地球(qiu)(qiu)不可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源總量(liang)相當有限。因此，為(wei)了(le)滿(man)足(zu)日益增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源需(xu)(xu)求，減少對環境的(de)應力，需(xu)(xu)要安(an)全(quan)、實用、可持續、性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)良(liang)好的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換和存儲設備。

　　電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器*近引起(qi)了人們的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)大(da)興趣，包括顯著的(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)、預期的(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)壽命、快(kuai)速充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)和(he)(he)優良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)密度，以及便攜(xie)式電(dian)(dian)子、混合電(dian)(dian)動汽車和(he)(he)存儲器的(de)(de)(de)備用設備。毫(hao)無疑問(wen)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭雙層電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)主要(yao)取決于其電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)類(lei)型和(he)(he)形(xing)式。超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)紋理(li)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料研究以各種形(xing)式進行了報道(dao)。以活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭為材(cai)料，如(ru)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭、石墨(mo)烯、碳(tan)納米結(jie)構，如(ru)管(guan)道(dao)和(he)(he)纖維(wei)、來自碳(tan)化(hua)物的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)等。

　　此外，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)具有(you)多孔(kong)結構豐(feng)富、雜原子自摻雜、物理化學穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)和環保等(deng)優(you)點，廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)于能源相(xiang)關(guan)領(ling)域，以(yi)滿足能源供應的(de)迫(po)切需求。截至目(mu)前(qian)，堅果殼、椰(ye)殼、木材、動物骨、纖維等(deng)各種活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材料(liao)已被廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)作制造電容器的(de)前(qian)體。大多數(shu)報告(gao)稱，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的(de)儲能性(xing)(xing)(xing)能超過了其他非活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)材料(liao)的(de)儲能性(xing)(xing)(xing)能。

　　活性炭的電化學性能

　　5%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極PTFE，乙(yi)炔碳(tan)黑(hei)10%，活性炭85%。將(jiang)所(suo)有材(cai)料(liao)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)混合，然(ran)后在(zai)(zai)1.4MPa將(jiang)其壓(ya)在(zai)(zai)鎳泡(pao)沫(mo)基材(cai)上(shang)，然(ran)后在(zai)(zai)真空(kong)烘(hong)箱中壓(ya)在(zai)(zai)110℃干燥12小時(shi)。每(mei)個集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器上(shang)的活性物質(zhi)量(liang)約為4.7mg·cm -2。6.通(tong)過(guo)多(duo)孔膜分離M KOH對稱雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)水溶液。采(cai)用循環伏(fu)安法(fa)(CV)，恒電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(GCD)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)阻抗光譜(pu)(EIS)研究樣品的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)性能(neng)。在(zai)(zai)0.01Hz-100KHz在(zai)(zai)5的頻率范(fan)(fan)圍內mV在(zai)(zai)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)下(xia)測量(liang)范(fan)(fan)圍EIS光譜(pu)。所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)測量(liang)均(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)工(gong)作站(zhan)進行。所(suo)有試驗均(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)室(shi)溫下(xia)進行。

　　活(huo)性(xing)炭的(de)形狀(zhuang)和結構

　　四個(ge)活性炭(tan)樣品(LSC-1-4)的(de)XRD圖(tu)譜顯(xian)示沒有尖銳和強峰(feng)(feng)(如圖(tu)1所(suo)示)，表(biao)示所(suo)有活性炭(tan)樣品的(de)非晶狀態(tai)。一方(fang)面位(wei)于23左右(you)°位(wei)于44的(de)寬峰(feng)(feng)和寬峰(feng)(feng)°弱峰(feng)(feng)是無定(ding)形石(shi)(shi)墨碳(tan)的(de)特(te)征峰(feng)(feng)，表(biao)明(ming)LSC樣品的(de)石(shi)(shi)墨化程度有限(xian)。另一方(fang)面，以(yi)44°中心弱峰(feng)(feng)的(de)出(chu)現表(biao)明(ming)電導率(lv)的(de)提高(gao)。特(te)別地，LSC-1在44°與其他樣品相(xiang)比，觀察到(dao)的(de)尖銳峰(feng)(feng)值表(biao)明(ming)，LSC-石(shi)(shi)墨化程度提高(gao)。

　　電化學表(biao)征活性炭

　　基于(yu)(yu)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)樣品(SC-LSC)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)性(xing)，LSC-3和(he)(he)LSC-4通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學技術(shu)序列進行評估(gu)，包括(kuo)室溫下CV，GCD和(he)(he)EIS測試。圖2顯(xian)示了(le)四個不(bu)同掃描速(su)(su)(su)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人SC-LSC的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi)窗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍為(wei)0-0.8V。如(ru)所見，所有超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)在相對(dui)較低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掃描速(su)(su)(su)率下具(ju)有理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)性(xing)能，即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) - 雙層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型性(xing)質。即使在500 mV·s -在1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)掃描速(su)(su)(su)率下，如(ru)圖2所示d，SC-LSCs的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CV由于(yu)(yu)樣品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優良導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)和(he)(he)低質量傳輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，曲線(xian)保持了(le)伏(fu)安曲線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)狀，幾乎沒有變形(xing)(xing)。顯(xian)然，短離子通道和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質儲層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速(su)(su)(su)離子運輸(shu)來自活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)樣品的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)層孔(kong)結構(gou)。類似地(di)，超級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)由于(yu)(yu)理想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)層多(duo)孔(kong)結構(gou)和(he)(he)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)表(biao)面積而顯(xian)示出*高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)值。

　　碳化(hua)(hua)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)前，由纖維材(cai)(cai)料合(he)成(cheng)四種活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。所有(you)(you)制備的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)主(zhu)要表現(xian)為微孔結(jie)構。發現(xian)通過(guo)ZnCl 2活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)化(hua)(hua)法制備的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)表現(xian)出(chu)*大(da)的(de)(de)(de)比表面積(ji)，在(zai)所有(you)(you)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)樣品中表現(xian)出(chu)*佳的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，其中0.1A·g 的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)為107.4F·g -1 -1.對稱雙(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度大(da)于(yu)1，這些活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)基(ji)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)僅大(da)于(yu)1A·g -而略有(you)(you)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。所有(you)(you)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器在(zai)1中顯示出(chu)優異的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)A·g -1的(de)(de)(de) 充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)5000次后，LSC-1型超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)保持在(zai)92.6%以上。這些結(jie)果表明，纖維材(cai)(cai)料是合(he)理(li)設計和制備具有(you)(you)高表面積(ji)和優良(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)好候(hou)選人。