活性炭吸(xi)附在幾種土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)

　　活性炭吸附(fu)在幾種(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)，在土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污(wu)染的(de)情(qing)況下，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改良劑可用于(yu)固定有(you)機污(wu)染物(wu)，同時(shi)保持土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)功能，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)前景的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)修復材料(liao)。在本期實驗(yan)中(zhong)，菲烯(Phe)用于(yu)污(wu)染土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)污(wu)染物(wu)，我們研究了(le)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭研究了(le)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭對(dui)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)不同基(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)、兩種(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)業(ye)表土(tu)和(he)純砂的(de)影(ying)響。我們對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)變化(hua)、菲律(lv)(lv)賓的(de)吸附(fu)-解(jie)吸和(he)菲律(lv)(lv)賓在所(suo)有(you)治(zhi)療中(zhong)的(de)礦化(hua)進行了(le)評估(gu)。

　　石油碳氫化合物污染是(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)沉(chen)積物中(zhong)*常(chang)見的(de)問(wen)題(ti)之一。菲律(lv)賓是(shi)一種(zhong)廣泛(fan)存在(zai)的(de)三(san)環(huan)芳烴，存在(zai)時間長，難以(yi)從環(huan)境中(zhong)去除。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附(fu)(fu)是(shi)控制土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)和(he)(he)水生(sheng)系統中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)(ji)污染物流(liu)動性(xing)(xing)(xing)、可(ke)(ke)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)目的(de)地的(de)關鍵過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。多環(huan)芳烴的(de)吸附(fu)(fu)行為(wei)(wei)主要由土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)機(ji)(ji)質(zhi)含量調(diao)節，土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)有(you)機(ji)(ji)質(zhi)是(shi)一種(zhong)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)含碳產(chan)(chan)品修復的(de)參(can)數。在(zai)過(guo)(guo)去的(de)幾(ji)十年里，人們努力探索和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)新材料作為(wei)(wei)一種(zhong)有(you)效、低成本的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)修復工具，并深入(ru)研究了(le)活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)是(shi)一種(zhong)富含碳的(de)固體有(you)機(ji)(ji)物熱(re)分(fen)解(jie)產(chan)(chan)物。熱(re)解(jie)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(木炭(tan)(tan)(tan)、生(sheng)物炭(tan)(tan)(tan)、活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan))的(de)行為(wei)(wei)明顯不同于(yu)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)所含的(de)無熱(re)原有(you)機(ji)(ji)物。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)強吸附(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)改變土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)來(lai)調(diao)節土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)芳烴的(de)降解(jie)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，但(dan)也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)降低有(you)機(ji)(ji)污染物的(de)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)來(lai)調(diao)節。

　　土壤(rang)、沙(sha)子(zi)和活性(xing)炭(tan)的來(lai)源來(lai)自(zi)兩個(ge)農田(tian)(土壤(rang)1、土壤(rang)2)。沙(sha)子(zi)用(yong)10%HCl洗(xi)滌40-100μm低鐵砂粒度(du)，然后(hou)用(yong)去離子(zi)水(shui)沖(chong)洗(xi)10次，直到(dao)pH上升并穩(wen)定到(dao)5.5。三種來(lai)自(zi)不同(tong)來(lai)源的活性(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)于實驗:(1)木質活性(xing)炭(tan)(AC(2)根系(xi)活性(xing)炭(tan)(AC和(3)農作物活性(xing)炭(tan)(AC3)。

　　土壤修復的方法

　　將(jiang)(jiang)活性炭(尺寸<1mm)以1%(w/w)的(de)比率摻(chan)入測試的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)沙子中，這是(shi)一個模擬自(zi)然環境的(de)修復過(guo)程，考慮(lv)到30 cm的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)深(shen)度和(he)約(yue)1.6t m-3的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)密(mi)度。將(jiang)(jiang)混合物均化后，將(jiang)(jiang)每個樣品(pin)潤(run)濕至60%的(de)保水能力，并在室溫(20-25℃)下在聚(ju)乙(yi)烯袋中平(ping)衡15天。所有程序(xu)和(he)實驗(基本表征，批(pi)次相互(hu)作用(yong)和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)培養)進(jin)行3-4次重復。

　　菲的吸附實驗

　　在(zai)玻(bo)璃離(li)心管和(he)(he)7ml不同濃度的(de)菲烯溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)放入0.7g摻入活(huo)性炭的(de)干(gan)燥土壤(rang)。通(tong)(tong)過在(zai)10mm CaCl 2和(he)(he)1.5的(de)背(bei)景(jing)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)保持乙醇的(de)比例<0.1%，將試(shi)(shi)管在(zai)頂置振蕩器中(zhong)(zhong)以100rpm搖動24小時(shi)，然后將它(ta)們以2700g離(li)心15分(fen)鐘，取(qu)1ml上(shang)清(qing)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)等分(fen)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)。在(zai)β計數器中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)(tong)過液(ye)(ye)(ye)體閃(shan)爍計數進行處(chu)理(li)和(he)(he)分(fen)析，并在(zai)相互作用的(de)7,24和(he)(he)48小時(shi)取(qu)上(shang)清(qing)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)等分(fen)試(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)。

　　菲的解吸實驗

　　對(dui)于該實(shi)驗(yan)，我(wo)們(men)(men)選擇在(zai)(zai)相(xiang)互作用(yong)后從吸(xi)附實(shi)驗(yan)中(zhong)獲取活(huo)性炭土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)菲的(de)樣品(pin)。我(wo)們(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)吸(xi)附實(shi)驗(yan)中(zhong)提取了保留在(zai)(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)菲，劑(ji)量為1μg菲g-1土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有六(liu)個表示(shi)。

　　熱化(hua)合物在高重(zhong)力下改(gai)性

　　高(gao)重力環境(jing)下活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭的熱化(hua)合物改性(xing)(xing)。將100g以活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭為(wei)填料層，9000r/min速(su)(su)度(du)操作(zuo)300分鐘(zhong)，99%氮氣通過入口。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭表示活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N。原(yuan)始活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭和(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N用1mol·L-1HNO 3在(zai)70攝(she)氏度(du)，流速(su)(su)40L·min-1，轉速(su)(su)36.3Hz改性(xing)(xing)。處理后，用去離子(zi)水沖(chong)洗后，將兩個樣(yang)品在(zai)110℃的真空烘(hong)箱中干(gan)燥24小時(shi)，并分別表示為(wei)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-HNO和(he)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N-HNO。

　　在(zai)高重力物理(li)改性過(guo)(guo)程中，氮(dan)(dan)分布不再是從頂(ding)部到底部的單(dan)一流動(dong)，而(er)是通過(guo)(guo)各個方向的對流輸送到活性炭。與(yu)活性炭接(jie)觸后，氮(dan)(dan)產生新的微孔，挖(wa)掘現有的吸(xi)附(fu)通道。因(yin)此，它增加了它們的表面積(ji)和孔容量(liang)。簡化原(yuan)理(li)圖如圖1所(suo)示。

　　氮(dan)和(he)硝酸(suan)改性在正常和(he)高重力環境中的示意圖。

　　實驗研究活性炭吸(xi)附性能

　　研究了活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭在(zai)(zai)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)柱中吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)甲苯(ben)的(de)(de)能(neng)力。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭用量(liang)(liang)為10g，氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)發生器產生吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)質甲苯(ben)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)數據是通過(guo)測量(liang)(liang)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)前(qian)后甲苯(ben)的(de)(de)濃度來獲得(de)的(de)(de)。實驗吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裝置的(de)(de)流程圖如圖2所(suo)示(shi)。甲苯(ben)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)與氮氣(qi)混合，然后吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)恒溫吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)塔中。通過(guo)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)FID檢測器測量(liang)(liang)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)前(qian)后的(de)(de)甲苯(ben)含量(liang)(liang)，并通過(guo)流量(liang)(liang)計控制甲苯(ben)流量(liang)(liang)。當脫氣(qi)和入口濃度在(zai)(zai)30分鐘內(nei)保持(chi)一致時，認(ren)為吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)平衡已(yi)經(jing)達到(dao)。通過(guo)廢氣(qi)出(chu)口排出(chu)吸附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)。

　　實驗吸附流動圖。

　　幾種活(huo)性炭(tan)對(dui)甲苯的吸附性能比較(jiao)

　　不同活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上甲(jia)苯(ben)的(de)(de)(de)穿透(tou)曲線和(he)(he)吸(xi)附(fu)等溫曲線如圖3所示(shi)和(he)(he)4所示(shi)。不同活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)從(cong)高(gao)到低依次為：活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-N>原始活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)。吸(xi)附(fu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)越大，滲透(tou)時(shi)間(jian)越長，這與(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)孔(kong)(kong)徑分布和(he)(he)表(biao)面官能團的(de)(de)(de)數量有關。高(gao)溫氮氣中(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)微孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)積增(zeng)加(jia)，增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)通道的(de)(de)(de)內孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)積。在高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)(li)氮氣環(huan)(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，不利于甲(jia)苯(ben)吸(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)原始活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)內部結(jie)構(gou)被(bei)重(zhong)新分配并分裂成新的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)結(jie)構(gou)，進(jin)一步增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)突(tu)破(po)時(shi)間(jian)。HNO 在高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)下，3處理活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)突(tu)破(po)時(shi)間(jian)大于改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)HNO 改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)浸泡。這是因(yin)為HNO 在分散(san)的(de)(de)(de)小液滴中(zhong)(zhong)，增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)與(yu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)表(biao)面和(he)(he)內部接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，進(jin)而增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上含氧(yang)官能團的(de)(de)(de)負荷，提高(gao)了(le)(le)(le)其吸(xi)附(fu)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)。在重(zhong)力(li)(li)作用下，復(fu)合改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具有較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)穿透(tou)時(shi)間(jian)和(he)(he)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，因(yin)為物理改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)比表(biao)面積，增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)體(ti)積分布，而化學改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)表(biao)面氧(yang)基(ji)團的(de)(de)(de)數量。反過(guo)來(lai)，這些特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)強了(le)(le)(le)吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　活性炭(tan)的突破曲線。

　　等溫曲(qu)線吸(xi)附活性炭。

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)在常規和高重(zhong)力(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)境高重(zhong)力(li)(li)環(huan)(huan)境下進行了(le)(le)物理、化學和化合物改(gai)性(xing)(xing)。研究(jiu)了(le)(le)甲苯在不同(tong)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)上的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)。高重(zhong)力(li)(li)化合物改(gai)性(xing)(xing)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)具有*大(da)的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)率和容量。還發現，微孔結構在活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)甲苯的過程中起(qi)著主導(dao)作用。由于化合物的改(gai)性(xing)(xing)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的優異(yi)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)能力(li)(li)增加了(le)(le)有效吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)位點的數量。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)-RPB-N-HNO上甲苯表面覆蓋率為51.67%。因此(ci)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)在高重(zhong)力(li)(li)下的復合改(gai)性(xing)(xing)可(ke)以大(da)大(da)提(ti)高吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)能。

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