活性炭吸附(fu)在幾種(zhong)土壤中

　　活性炭吸附(fu)在(zai)幾種(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中，在(zai)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)污染(ran)的(de)情(qing)況下，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)改良(liang)劑可(ke)用于(yu)(yu)固(gu)定有(you)機(ji)污染(ran)物，同(tong)(tong)時保(bao)持(chi)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)功能，活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)前景的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)修復(fu)材料。在(zai)本期實驗(yan)中，菲(fei)烯(Phe)用于(yu)(yu)污染(ran)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)污染(ran)物，我們研(yan)究了三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)研(yan)究了三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)對三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)基質(zhi)、兩種(zhong)(zhong)農業(ye)表土(tu)和純砂的(de)影(ying)響。我們對土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)變化(hua)、菲(fei)律(lv)賓(bin)的(de)吸附(fu)-解吸和菲(fei)律(lv)賓(bin)在(zai)所有(you)治療(liao)中的(de)礦化(hua)進行(xing)了評估。

　　石油碳氫化(hua)合物污(wu)染是(shi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)沉積物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)*常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題之一(yi)。菲律(lv)賓是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)廣泛存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)環(huan)芳烴(jing)(jing)，存在時間長(chang)，難以從環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)去除。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)是(shi)控制土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)水生系統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)機污(wu)染物流動性(xing)(xing)、可(ke)用性(xing)(xing)和(he)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。多(duo)環(huan)芳烴(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)行為(wei)主要由土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機質含量調節，土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機質是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)通(tong)過(guo)含碳產(chan)品修(xiu)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數。在過(guo)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾十(shi)年里，人們努力探索和(he)生產(chan)新(xin)材料作為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)有(you)(you)效(xiao)、低(di)成本的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)修(xiu)復工(gong)具，并深(shen)入研究了活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)在土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)富含碳的(de)(de)(de)(de)固體(ti)有(you)(you)機物熱(re)分解產(chan)物。熱(re)解有(you)(you)機物(木炭(tan)、生物炭(tan)、活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan))的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)明顯不(bu)同于土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)含的(de)(de)(de)(de)無熱(re)原有(you)(you)機物。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)強吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)能可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)改變土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)性(xing)(xing)質來(lai)調節土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)芳烴(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)降解過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，但也可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)降低(di)有(you)(you)機污(wu)染物的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)用性(xing)(xing)來(lai)調節。

　　土壤(rang)、沙(sha)子(zi)和(he)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭的來源(yuan)來自兩(liang)個農田(土壤(rang)1、土壤(rang)2)。沙(sha)子(zi)用(yong)10%HCl洗(xi)滌40-100μm低鐵砂粒(li)度，然后用(yong)去離子(zi)水沖洗(xi)10次，直到pH上升(sheng)并穩定到5.5。三種來自不同來源(yuan)的活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭用(yong)于實驗:(1)木質活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(AC(2)根(gen)系(xi)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(AC和(he)(3)農作物活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(AC3)。

　　土壤修復的方法

　　將(jiang)活性炭(tan)(尺寸<1mm)以(yi)1%(w/w)的比率摻入測(ce)試的土壤(rang)和(he)沙子中(zhong)，這是一個(ge)模擬自(zi)然環境的修復(fu)過程(cheng)，考慮到30 cm的土壤(rang)深度和(he)約1.6t m-3的土壤(rang)密度。將(jiang)混合物均化后，將(jiang)每個(ge)樣品潤濕至(zhi)60%的保(bao)水能力(li)，并在(zai)室溫(20-25℃)下在(zai)聚乙烯袋中(zhong)平衡15天。所(suo)有(you)程(cheng)序和(he)實驗(基本表征，批(pi)次相互(hu)作用和(he)土壤(rang)培養)進行3-4次重復(fu)。

　　菲的吸附實驗

　　在(zai)(zai)玻(bo)璃離心管(guan)(guan)和(he)7ml不同(tong)濃度的(de)(de)菲烯溶(rong)液中放入0.7g摻入活性(xing)炭的(de)(de)干燥土壤。通過在(zai)(zai)10mm CaCl 2和(he)1.5的(de)(de)背景(jing)溶(rong)液中保持乙醇(chun)的(de)(de)比(bi)例<0.1%，將試管(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)頂置(zhi)振蕩器(qi)中以100rpm搖動24小時，然后將它們以2700g離心15分(fen)鐘，取1ml上清液的(de)(de)等分(fen)試樣(yang)(yang)。在(zai)(zai)β計數器(qi)中通過液體(ti)閃爍計數進行處(chu)理和(he)分(fen)析，并在(zai)(zai)相互作(zuo)用的(de)(de)7,24和(he)48小時取上清液的(de)(de)等分(fen)試樣(yang)(yang)。

　　菲的解吸實驗

　　對(dui)于該實驗(yan)(yan)，我(wo)們(men)選擇在相互作(zuo)用后從吸(xi)附(fu)實驗(yan)(yan)中獲(huo)取活性炭土壤菲的樣品。我(wo)們(men)在吸(xi)附(fu)實驗(yan)(yan)中提取了保留在土壤中的菲，劑量為1μg菲g-1土壤有六個表示。

　　熱化合物在高重力(li)下改性

　　高重力環境下活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)熱化(hua)合物改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。將(jiang)100g以活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭為填料層，9000r/min速(su)度(du)操作300分鐘，99%氮氣通(tong)過(guo)入口。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭表示活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N。原始(shi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭和活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N用1mol·L-1HNO 3在(zai)70攝(she)氏(shi)度(du)，流速(su)40L·min-1，轉速(su)36.3Hz改性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。處理后，用去離子水沖洗(xi)后，將(jiang)兩個(ge)樣品在(zai)110℃的(de)真(zhen)空烘箱中(zhong)干燥(zao)24小時，并分別表示為活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-HNO和活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭-RPB-N-HNO。

　　在(zai)高重力物(wu)理(li)改性過程(cheng)中(zhong)，氮分布不再是從頂部(bu)到底部(bu)的(de)單(dan)一流(liu)動，而是通過各(ge)個(ge)方向(xiang)的(de)對流(liu)輸(shu)送到活性炭(tan)。與活性炭(tan)接觸后(hou)，氮產生(sheng)新的(de)微(wei)孔，挖掘現(xian)有的(de)吸附通道(dao)。因此，它增加了它們的(de)表面積和孔容(rong)量。簡化原理(li)圖(tu)(tu)如圖(tu)(tu)1所示(shi)。

　　氮和硝酸(suan)改性在正常和高重力環境(jing)中的示意圖。

　　實驗研(yan)究活性(xing)炭吸(xi)附性(xing)能

　　研究了活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭在吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)柱中(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)甲(jia)苯的(de)(de)能力(li)。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭用量(liang)為10g，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)發生器(qi)產(chan)生吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)質甲(jia)苯氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)性(xing)能的(de)(de)數據是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)測量(liang)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)前后(hou)(hou)甲(jia)苯的(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)來(lai)獲得的(de)(de)。實(shi)驗吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)裝置的(de)(de)流(liu)程圖(tu)如圖(tu)2所(suo)示(shi)。甲(jia)苯氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)與氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)混(hun)合，然后(hou)(hou)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)在恒溫吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)塔(ta)中(zhong)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)在線(xian)FID檢測器(qi)測量(liang)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)前后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)甲(jia)苯含(han)量(liang)，并通(tong)(tong)過(guo)流(liu)量(liang)計控制甲(jia)苯流(liu)量(liang)。當脫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)入(ru)口(kou)濃(nong)度(du)在30分(fen)鐘內保(bao)持(chi)一致時，認為吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)平衡已經(jing)達到。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)出口(kou)排出吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)。

　　實(shi)驗吸(xi)附流動圖。

　　幾種活(huo)性(xing)炭對甲苯的吸附性(xing)能比(bi)較

　　不同(tong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)甲苯(ben)的(de)(de)(de)穿透曲線(xian)和(he)(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附等(deng)溫曲線(xian)如圖3所(suo)示和(he)(he)4所(suo)示。不同(tong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附率從高(gao)(gao)到低(di)依次為：活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)-N>原(yuan)(yuan)始活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附率越大(da)，滲透時間(jian)(jian)越長，這(zhe)與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)孔(kong)徑分布和(he)(he)表(biao)面官能(neng)(neng)團的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量有(you)關。高(gao)(gao)溫氮(dan)氣中(zhong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)微孔(kong)體(ti)積增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)通道的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)孔(kong)體(ti)積。在高(gao)(gao)重力(li)氮(dan)氣環(huan)境中(zhong)，不利于(yu)甲苯(ben)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)始活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部結構被重新分配并分裂(lie)成(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)結構，進(jin)一步增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)突(tu)破時間(jian)(jian)。HNO 在高(gao)(gao)重力(li)環(huan)境下，3處理活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)突(tu)破時間(jian)(jian)大(da)于(yu)改(gai)(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)HNO 改(gai)(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)浸泡(pao)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為HNO 在分散的(de)(de)(de)小液滴中(zhong)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)表(biao)面和(he)(he)內(nei)部接觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，進(jin)而增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)含氧(yang)官能(neng)(neng)團的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)(le)其吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附效(xiao)率。在重力(li)作用下，復(fu)合改(gai)(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)穿透時間(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附率，因(yin)為物理改(gai)(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)比表(biao)面積，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)孔(kong)體(ti)積分布，而化學(xue)改(gai)(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)表(biao)面氧(yang)基團的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量。反過來(lai)，這(zhe)些特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強了(le)(le)(le)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　活性(xing)炭的突破曲線。

　　等溫曲線吸附(fu)活性炭(tan)。

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)在常規和高(gao)重(zhong)力環境(jing)高(gao)重(zhong)力環境(jing)下(xia)(xia)進行(xing)了物(wu)(wu)理、化(hua)學和化(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)。研究(jiu)了甲(jia)苯在不同活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)的(de)吸附(fu)(fu)。高(gao)重(zhong)力化(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)*大的(de)吸附(fu)(fu)率和容量。還發現，微孔結構在活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附(fu)(fu)甲(jia)苯的(de)過程中(zhong)起著主導作用。由于(yu)化(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)的(de)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)優(you)異(yi)吸附(fu)(fu)能力增加(jia)了有(you)效吸附(fu)(fu)位點的(de)數量。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N-HNO上(shang)甲(jia)苯表面覆蓋率為(wei)51.67%。因此，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)在高(gao)重(zhong)力下(xia)(xia)的(de)復(fu)合(he)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)可以大大提高(gao)吸附(fu)(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能。

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