活性(xing)炭吸附在幾種土壤中

　　活性炭吸(xi)(xi)附在(zai)幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)土(tu)(tu)壤中(zhong)，在(zai)土(tu)(tu)壤污(wu)(wu)染的情況下(xia)，土(tu)(tu)壤改(gai)良劑可(ke)用于固定有(you)機污(wu)(wu)染物，同時(shi)保持土(tu)(tu)壤功能(neng)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)前景的土(tu)(tu)壤修復材料。在(zai)本(ben)期(qi)實驗中(zhong)，菲烯(Phe)用于污(wu)(wu)染土(tu)(tu)壤的污(wu)(wu)染物，我們研究了三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭研究了三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭對三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不同基質、兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農業(ye)表(biao)土(tu)(tu)和純砂的影響。我們對土(tu)(tu)壤性(xing)質的變化、菲律賓的吸(xi)(xi)附-解(jie)吸(xi)(xi)和菲律賓在(zai)所有(you)治(zhi)療中(zhong)的礦化進行了評估。

　　石油碳氫化合物(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染是(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)沉(chen)積物(wu)(wu)(wu)中*常見的(de)(de)(de)問題之一。菲律賓是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種廣泛存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)三環芳烴(jing)，存(cun)在(zai)時間長，難(nan)以從環境(jing)中去除。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)附(fu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)控制土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)水生系統中有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)流動性(xing)、可(ke)用(yong)性(xing)和(he)目的(de)(de)(de)地的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵過程(cheng)。多(duo)環芳烴(jing)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)附(fu)行為主要由土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)質含(han)量調節，土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機(ji)質是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種通過含(han)碳產品修復的(de)(de)(de)參數。在(zai)過去的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)十年里，人們努力探索和(he)生產新材(cai)料作(zuo)為一種有(you)(you)效、低(di)(di)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)修復工具，并深入研究(jiu)了活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)在(zai)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種富含(han)碳的(de)(de)(de)固體有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)熱分解(jie)產物(wu)(wu)(wu)。熱解(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(木炭(tan)、生物(wu)(wu)(wu)炭(tan)、活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan))的(de)(de)(de)行為明(ming)顯不同于(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中所含(han)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)熱原(yuan)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)能可(ke)以通過改變土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)性(xing)質來調節土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中芳烴(jing)的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)解(jie)過程(cheng)，但也可(ke)以通過降(jiang)低(di)(di)有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)用(yong)性(xing)來調節。

　　土壤(rang)(rang)、沙子和(he)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)的(de)來(lai)源來(lai)自兩個農田(tian)(土壤(rang)(rang)1、土壤(rang)(rang)2)。沙子用(yong)(yong)10%HCl洗滌40-100μm低鐵砂(sha)粒度，然(ran)后用(yong)(yong)去(qu)離子水沖洗10次，直(zhi)到(dao)pH上(shang)升并穩定(ding)到(dao)5.5。三(san)種來(lai)自不同來(lai)源的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)(yong)于實驗:(1)木質活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(AC(2)根系活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(AC和(he)(3)農作(zuo)物活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(AC3)。

　　土壤修復的方法

　　將活性炭(尺寸<1mm)以1%(w/w)的(de)比(bi)率摻入(ru)測試的(de)土(tu)壤和沙(sha)子中，這是一個模擬自然環境的(de)修復過程，考慮到30 cm的(de)土(tu)壤深度和約1.6t m-3的(de)土(tu)壤密度。將混(hun)合(he)物均化后(hou)，將每個樣品潤濕至(zhi)60%的(de)保水能力(li)，并在室溫(20-25℃)下在聚乙(yi)烯袋中平(ping)衡15天(tian)。所有程序(xu)和實驗(yan)(基本表征，批(pi)次相互作用和土(tu)壤培養)進(jin)行3-4次重復。

　　菲的吸附實驗

　　在(zai)玻璃(li)離(li)心管和7ml不同濃度的(de)菲烯溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)放入0.7g摻入活性(xing)炭的(de)干(gan)燥土(tu)壤。通過在(zai)10mm CaCl 2和1.5的(de)背(bei)景溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)持乙(yi)醇的(de)比例(li)<0.1%，將試(shi)(shi)管在(zai)頂置振蕩器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)100rpm搖動24小時，然后將它們(men)以(yi)2700g離(li)心15分(fen)鐘，取1ml上(shang)清液(ye)的(de)等分(fen)試(shi)(shi)樣。在(zai)β計(ji)數器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)通過液(ye)體閃爍計(ji)數進行處理和分(fen)析，并在(zai)相互作(zuo)用的(de)7,24和48小時取上(shang)清液(ye)的(de)等分(fen)試(shi)(shi)樣。

　　菲的解吸實驗

　　對于該實(shi)驗(yan)，我們選擇在(zai)(zai)相互作用后從(cong)吸附(fu)實(shi)驗(yan)中獲取活性炭土壤菲(fei)的樣(yang)品。我們在(zai)(zai)吸附(fu)實(shi)驗(yan)中提取了保留(liu)在(zai)(zai)土壤中的菲(fei)，劑量為1μg菲(fei)g-1土壤有六個(ge)表(biao)示(shi)。

　　熱化合(he)物(wu)在高重力下改性

　　高重力環境下活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的熱化合物改性(xing)。將100g以活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)為(wei)填料層，9000r/min速度(du)操作300分鐘(zhong)，99%氮氣通(tong)過入口。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)表示活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N。原(yuan)始活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)和活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N用1mol·L-1HNO 3在70攝氏度(du)，流速40L·min-1，轉速36.3Hz改性(xing)。處(chu)理(li)后，用去離(li)子(zi)水沖洗后，將兩(liang)個(ge)樣品(pin)在110℃的真空烘箱中干燥24小時，并(bing)分別(bie)表示為(wei)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-HNO和活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N-HNO。

　　在高重(zhong)力(li)物(wu)理改性(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中，氮分布不再(zai)是(shi)從頂部到底(di)部的(de)單一流動，而(er)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)各個方向的(de)對流輸送到活性(xing)炭。與活性(xing)炭接觸后(hou)，氮產生新的(de)微孔(kong)，挖掘現(xian)有(you)的(de)吸附通(tong)道。因此，它(ta)(ta)增加了(le)它(ta)(ta)們的(de)表(biao)面積(ji)和孔(kong)容量(liang)。簡化(hua)原(yuan)理圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所(suo)示。

　　氮和硝酸(suan)改性在正常和高重力環境中的示意圖。

　　實驗研究(jiu)活性炭吸(xi)附性能(neng)

　　研究了活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)在吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)柱中(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)甲(jia)苯(ben)的(de)能力(li)。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)量為10g，氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)發生器產生吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)質甲(jia)苯(ben)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)性(xing)能的(de)數據是通(tong)過測量吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)前后(hou)甲(jia)苯(ben)的(de)濃度(du)來獲得的(de)。實驗吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)裝置的(de)流(liu)程圖如圖2所示。甲(jia)苯(ben)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)與氮氣(qi)(qi)混合，然后(hou)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)在恒溫吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)塔中(zhong)。通(tong)過在線FID檢測器測量吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)前后(hou)的(de)甲(jia)苯(ben)含量，并通(tong)過流(liu)量計控制甲(jia)苯(ben)流(liu)量。當脫氣(qi)(qi)和入口(kou)濃度(du)在30分鐘(zhong)內(nei)保持一致時，認為吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)平衡已經(jing)達到。通(tong)過廢氣(qi)(qi)出口(kou)排出吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)。

　　實驗吸(xi)附(fu)流動(dong)圖。

　　幾種(zhong)活性炭對甲苯的吸附性能比較

　　不同活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上甲苯(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)透曲線(xian)和吸(xi)(xi)附等溫(wen)曲線(xian)如圖3所(suo)示和4所(suo)示。不同活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附率從(cong)高(gao)(gao)到低(di)依(yi)次為：活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-HNO>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-RPB-N>活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)-N>原始(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)。吸(xi)(xi)附率越(yue)大，滲(shen)透時間(jian)越(yue)長，這與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜孔徑分(fen)布和表面(mian)官能團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量有關。高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)氮氣中(zhong)(zhong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微孔體(ti)積(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加，增(zeng)加了(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)通(tong)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)孔體(ti)積(ji)(ji)。在高(gao)(gao)重(zhong)(zhong)力氮氣環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)，不利于甲苯(ben)吸(xi)(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部結構(gou)被重(zhong)(zhong)新分(fen)配并分(fen)裂(lie)成(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)結構(gou)，進一步增(zeng)加了(le)突破時間(jian)。HNO 在高(gao)(gao)重(zhong)(zhong)力環(huan)境下，3處理活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突破時間(jian)大于改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)HNO 改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)浸泡。這是因(yin)為HNO 在分(fen)散的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小液滴中(zhong)(zhong)，增(zeng)加了(le)與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)表面(mian)和內(nei)部接(jie)觸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，進而增(zeng)加了(le)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上含氧(yang)官能團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)其吸(xi)(xi)附效率。在重(zhong)(zhong)力作用下，復合改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具有較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)透時間(jian)和較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)附率，因(yin)為物理改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加了(le)比表面(mian)積(ji)(ji)，增(zeng)加了(le)孔體(ti)積(ji)(ji)分(fen)布，而化學改(gai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)加了(le)表面(mian)氧(yang)基團(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量。反過來，這些特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)增(zeng)強了(le)吸(xi)(xi)附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

　　活性炭的(de)突破曲線。

　　等溫曲線吸附活(huo)性炭。

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)在(zai)常規和高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)環(huan)境高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)環(huan)境下進行了物(wu)理、化學和化合(he)物(wu)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)。研(yan)究了甲(jia)(jia)(jia)苯在(zai)不同活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)上(shang)的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)。高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)化合(he)物(wu)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)具有*大的吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)率和容量。還(huan)發現(xian)，微(wei)孔(kong)結構(gou)在(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)苯的過程中起著主(zhu)導作用。由(you)于化合(he)物(wu)的改性(xing)(xing)(xing)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的優異吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)能(neng)(neng)力(li)增(zeng)加了有效吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)位點的數量。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)-RPB-N-HNO上(shang)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)苯表面覆(fu)蓋率為51.67%。因此，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)在(zai)高(gao)重(zhong)力(li)下的復合(he)改性(xing)(xing)(xing)可以(yi)大大提高(gao)吸(xi)(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。

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