活性炭吸附和異質光催化

　　本(ben)研究的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是評估在(zai)生物(wu)預處(chu)理的(de)(de)灰水和極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)脂肪族化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)脂肪族化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)中添加(jia)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)是否具有(you)(you)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如以(yi)前用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)苯酚證明的(de)(de)那樣。使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)UV燈和光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑TiO 2.用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)五(wu)倍濃(nong)縮(suo)的(de)(de)生物(wu)預處(chu)理灰水和四乙二(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)二(er)(er)(er)甲醚(mi)水溶液記錄(lu)光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)動力學P25存在(zai)和無活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)。協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)因子(zi)SF光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)率常(chang)數與無活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)在(zai)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)存在(zai)下(xia)的(de)(de)速率常(chang)數之比(bi)。灰水濃(nong)縮(suo)物(wu)沒有(you)(you)觀察到協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(SF≈1)。對于脂肪族化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，四乙二(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)二(er)(er)(er)甲醚(mi)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)添加(jia)實(shi)際上(shang)是光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(SF (一(yi))具有(you)(you)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，在(zai)苯酚水溶液的(de)(de)參考(kao)實(shi)驗(yan)中確(que)認了(le)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。通過活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)對其(qi)有(you)(you)機成分的(de)(de)低(di)吸附，可(ke)以(yi)解釋灰水濃(nong)縮(suo)物(wu)沒有(you)(you)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。四乙二(er)(er)(er)醇(chun)二(er)(er)(er)甲醚(mi)的(de)(de)光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)是由(you)于活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒(li)對光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑的(de)(de)屏(ping)蔽。假設混合過程中的(de)(de)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)僅限于芳香族有(you)(you)機物(wu)。粉(fen)狀活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)添加(jia)有(you)(you)利于有(you)(you)機物(wu)的(de)(de)附加(jia)吸附和去除，光催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)導致活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)存在(zai)時有(you)(you)機濃(nong)度降低(di)60%紫外線(xian)照射時間。

　　灰水(shui)(shui)比(bi)城(cheng)市污水(shui)(shui)更好地再利用(yong)，因為(wei)它與衛生用(yong)水(shui)(shui)和工業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)分離，因為(wei)它含有低(di)濃度(du)的(de)(de)(de)營養物(wu)質、病原體和危(wei)險的(de)(de)(de)工業化(hua)學(xue)品。經(jing)過(guo)生物(wu)處理，即使(shi)在(zai)低(di)技術過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，如間(jian)歇供應地下垂直流建造的(de)(de)(de)濕地，也會產生總有機碳(TOC)濃度(du)在(zai)5-15 mg L -1范(fan)圍內的(de)(de)(de)流出物(wu)。此外(wai)，必須去除生物(wu)處理灰水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)有機微污染物(wu)。實現這(zhe)些目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續方(fang)法是太陽(yang)能異質光催化(hua)氧化(hua)(PCO)懸浮在(zai)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)導(dao)體顆粒的(de)(de)(de)先進氧化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

　　因(yin)此，有(you)(you)必要(yao)制定太(tai)陽能PCO策略更有(you)(you)效。很有(you)(you)前途(tu)的技(ji)術(shu)是PCO結合(he)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附。含苯酚模型廢水已(yi)經顯示出這種特定活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)類型的存在(zai)，導致(zhi)了(le)改善PCO常數(shu)為4-氯(lv)苯酚、咖啡(fei)酸(suan)、2、4-二氯(lv)苯氧乙酸(suan)、氯(lv)丁酸(suan)。在(zai)PCO 活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)組合(he)過程中觀(guan)察到的協同作用通(tong)常基(ji)于(yu)協同因(yin)子(zi)(SF)，存在(zai)下的PCO速(su)率常數(shu)(k PCO_活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)和活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)不存在(zai)(k PCO)的比例：SF=k PCO_活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)/k PCO。

　　協同(tong)(tong)作用的(de)一個原因是有(you)(you)機分(fen)子從(cong)吸附劑到直接附著(zhu)在活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)上(shang)的(de)光催(cui)化(hua)劑顆粒的(de)短擴(kuo)散途徑(jing)。因此(ci)，已經發現了(le)PCO /活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)混合工藝(yi)SF與活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)和(he)光催(cui)化(hua)劑顆粒之間的(de)界面積(ji)有(you)(you)關。TiO 增加了(le)與活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的(de)界面接觸和(he)協同(tong)(tong)作用。但(dan)當接觸面積(ji)超過(guo)光催(cui)化(hua)劑總表面的(de)50%時，協同(tong)(tong)效應(ying)降低。

　　此(ci)外，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)微晶表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)特定官能團(如羧甲(jia)酸或環醚基)被假位于TiO 2表(biao)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)Ti中心]協(xie)調相(xiang)互作(zuo)用，特別是以(yi)銳鈦(tai)礦(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)形式，主要是TiO 2修改(gai)P25。銳鈦(tai)礦(kuang)表(biao)現出比金紅石(shi)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)原子(zi)空(kong)位(即氧(yang)配(pei)體缺陷)。的(de)(de)(de)Ti電(dian)(dian)子(zi)光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和吸(xi)附(fu)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由含氧(yang)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)官能表(biao)面(mian)(mian)基團中心協(xie)調。假設光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)移動(dong)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)可以(yi)這(zhe)樣轉移到(dao)相(xiang)鄰(lin)的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)誘導電(dian)(dian)子(zi)和空(kong)穴的(de)(de)(de)重組(zu)減少，導致孔的(de)(de)(de)壽命延長，并且它們到(dao)達光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)，從(cong)而(er)更(geng)有(you)效地氧(yang)化(hua)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機物光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)/活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)界面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)積和兩(liang)種(zhong)固體之間的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)荷(電(dian)(dian)子(zi)或空(kong)穴)轉移受到(dao)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)化(hua)學(因(yin)(yin)此(ci)源材料和活(huo)(huo)化(hua)過程)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。因(yin)(yin)此(ci)，只有(you)特定的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)PCO /在(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)組(zu)合過程中引起協(xie)同效應。

　　在PCO在實驗中(zhong)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)微晶中(zhong)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)墨烯(xi)層(ceng)(ceng)結構也影(ying)響光(guang)催化TiO 2 /活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)系統(tong)協(xie)(xie)同(tong)作用(yong)程(cheng)度。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)電(dian)導率越高，石(shi)(shi)墨烯(xi)層(ceng)(ceng)紊(wen)亂越低(即與純石(shi)(shi)墨結構越近)。當活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)中(zhong)石(shi)(shi)墨微晶的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)半(ban)導體性(xing)(xing)(xing)足夠時，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可以從接觸光(guang)中(zhong)轉(zhuan)移TiO 注入的(de)(de)電(dian)荷載(zai)流(liu)子(zi)粒子(zi)。添加(jia)特(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)類型PCO這(zhe)支(zhi)持了光(guang)觸媒(mei)內空穴電(dian)子(zi)重組抑(yi)制的(de)(de)上述效(xiao)果。一般(ban)來(lai)說(shuo)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)PCO與活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)同(tong)作用(yong)非常復雜。

　　添加特(te)(te)定的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)會導(dao)致TiO 2基酚(fen)PCO速率(lv)常(chang)數(shu)增加。因此(ci)，盡管使用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)類型的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)類型UV燈與其它稍有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)條件，但文獻(xian)中(zhong)描述(shu)的(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)可(ke)以(yi)再現(xian)。苯酚(fen)中(zhong)有(you)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)PCO中(zhong)沒有(you)產生(sheng)任何協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，證實(shi)僅(jin)(jin)具有(you)特(te)(te)定性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)能夠(gou)提高PCO速率(lv)常(chang)數(shu)。脂肪族化(hua)合(he)物(wu)通過(guo)添加特(te)(te)殊(shu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和脂肪族化(hua)合(he)物(wu)PCO由(you)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒引起的(de)(de)光催化(hua)劑(ji)明顯遮擋甚至被(bei)抑制(zhi)。當檢測到(dao)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)時，可(ke)能補償了抑制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)陰影效應。假設與特(te)(te)定活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)添加的(de)(de)協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)僅(jin)(jin)發生(sheng)在(zai)芳族化(hua)合(he)物(wu)中(zhong)PCO中(zhong)。他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)π- π與活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒中(zhong)的(de)(de)石墨(mo)烯層或特(te)(te)定的(de)(de)官能表面基團(tuan)相互作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，可(ke)假定為協同(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)先(xian)決條件。

　　五(wu)重(zhong)濃縮生物(wu)預(yu)(yu)處(chu)理(li)灰水PCO不受特定活性炭添加的(de)抑制(zhi)或增強。由于高(gao)比例的(de)灰水有機(ji)物(wu)不能(neng)吸附在活性炭上，因此(ci)可以防止廢(fei)水中有害物(wu)質（包括芳香族結(jie)構）的(de)協(xie)同作(zuo)用。然而(er)，將(jiang)活性炭添加到生物(wu)預(yu)(yu)處(chu)理(li)灰水中PCO由于有機(ji)物(wu)的(de)吸附，因為(wei)有機(ji)物(wu)的(de)吸附和去除增加了光(guang)催化(hua)礦化(hua)的(de)去除。結(jie)果強調，實際廢(fei)水研(yan)究的(de)協(xie)同作(zuo)用是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)，而(er)不是(shi)苯(ben)酚等(deng)模型有機(ji)物(wu)的(de)純水溶(rong)液。