活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附對(dui)微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。結(jie)果表(biao)明(ming)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)預(yu)處理為10-200 mg / L 在劑量下，溶(rong)解有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(DOC)和(he)254 nm紫(zi)外(wai)吸(xi)收(shou)光譜(UV 254)都能(neng)提供高有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)去(qu)除率。通過MF隨(sui)著活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)的(de)(de)增加，膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)去(qu)除效率降低(di)。主要去(qu)除活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)約(yue)3kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)分子量。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附后，膜(mo)(mo)在膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)保持超(chao)過5kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)。膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)結(jie)果表(biao)明(ming)，無(wu)論(lun)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑量如何，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)預(yu)處理都略微促進膜(mo)(mo)通量。似乎有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)污垢膜(mo)(mo)集中在3以(yi)上(shang)kDa的(de)(de)微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)除明(ming)顯小于33kDa 微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)超(chao)過3種kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響較小。因此(ci)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)不能(neng)減少膜(mo)(mo)污染。

　　膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)是水處理的(de)重(zhong)要問題之一。膜(mo)(mo)結垢導致(zhi)膜(mo)(mo)通量(liang)降(jiang)低和性(xing)能差。一些研究表(biao)明，天然(ran)有機物(wu)(NOM)負(fu)責(ze)炭(tan)吸附是飲(yin)用水中負(fu)責(ze)微濾膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)或(huo)垢。活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)吸附是減少有機物(wu)污染(ran)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)廣泛用(yong)作水(shui)處(chu)理中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)天然有(you)機物(wu)吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，因(yin)此采(cai)用(yong)預處(chu)理，減少(shao)(shao)膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)，提高(gao)膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。然而，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)對提高(gao)膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)效率有(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)結論。一(yi)些研究表明，當活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)保持膜(mo)(mo)表面時，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可以增強膜(mo)(mo)通(tong)量 。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)懸(xuan)浮在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/超濾系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是吸(xi)收(shou)低(di)分(fen)子腐(fu)殖(zhi)酸(HA)。膜(mo)(mo)提供物(wu)理屏障，防(fang)止活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)通(tong)過(guo)，從而保留吸(xi)附(fu)在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機化(hua)合物(wu)。發現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可能(neng)導致更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)絮凝顆粒，并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)預處(chu)理活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)來減少(shao)(shao)每個過(guo)濾周期的(de)(de)(de)可逆(ni)(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加。研究天然有(you)機物(wu)在(zai)耦(ou)合超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)表明，天然有(you)機物(wu)被證明是膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)和超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)因(yin)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)實(shi)際(ji)上(shang)比單獨的(de)(de)(de)天然有(you)機物(wu)減少(shao)(shao)了結垢。然而，一(yi)些研究人員報告說，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)會(hui)加重膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)或不(bu)影響膜(mo)(mo)通(tong)量。 在(zai)反洗水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒，因(yin)為它們可能(neng)在(zai)污垢層的(de)(de)(de)生長過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)積累。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)既(ji)不(bu)促進也不(bu)控(kong)制膜(mo)(mo)可逆(ni)(ni)結垢。

　　活性(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)處理(li)微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)前(qian)的(de)預(yu)處理(li)和地表(biao)水(shui)。實(shi)驗的(de)主要目的(de)是研究活性(xing)炭(tan)對膜(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)能的(de)影響(xiang)，特別關注活性(xing)炭(tan)微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)工藝對有機物去除率和膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通量的(de)影響(xiang)。木質活性(xing)炭(tan)。粒(li)度分布(bu)為(wei)：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使用(yong)(yong)前(qian)，加入少量去離子水(shui)均勻化活性(xing)炭(tan)。在原水(shui)中加入10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活性(xing)炭(tan)劑量。本(ben)實(shi)驗采用(yong)(yong)黃浦江地表(biao)水(shui)。在水(shui)樣中加入活性(xing)炭(tan)100rpm快速攪拌(ban)30分鐘(zhong)1分鐘(zhong)，攪拌(ban)30分鐘(zhong)rpm緩(huan)慢混合(he)，然后用(yong)(yong)0.45μm過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)器過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)水(shui)樣品。以下膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)用(yong)(yong)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)水(shui)樣品。

　　溶解有機碳和活性炭和微濾過程UV254去(qu)除率(lv)

　　活性(xing)炭(tan)和UV如圖所示，254的(de)效率(lv)。活性(xing)炭(tan)溶解(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率(lv)較高。活性(xing)炭(tan)劑量為10-2000 mg / L當溶解(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)的(de)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率(lv)從(cong)3開始.0%提高到59.8%。活性(xing)炭(tan)吸附后，微濾膜(mo)過濾水樣，溶解(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)從(cong)21中去(qu)(qu)除(chu)滲(shen)透物(wu).1%穩定增(zeng)加(jia)到62.2%。然而，隨著(zhu)活性(xing)炭(tan)劑量的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，微濾膜(mo)溶解(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)量略有(you)(you)(you)增(zeng)加(jia)。

　　與溶解有(you)(you)機(ji)碳(tan)相比(bi)，UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率高(gao)。隨著(zhu)活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量從(cong)100開始(shi)mg / L增加(jia)到200mg / L，超濾(lv)吸(xi)收去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率為10.1%增加(jia)到70.3%。與微(wei)濾(lv)過濾(lv)后溶解有(you)(you)機(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率相似(si)，活(huo)性炭(tan)用量越(yue)高(gao)，微(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)UV254越(yue)低。可溶解有(you)(you)機(ji)碳(tan)和活(huo)性炭(tan)UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率高(gao)，活(huo)性炭(tan)含量高(gao)，膜(mo)可去(qu)(qu)除(chu)殘留有(you)(you)機(ji)物。

　　在(zai)上述研究中(zhong)(zhong)，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)具有(you)較高的有(you)機(ji)物(wu)去除率。然而，即使在(zai)200年mg / L活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)高的劑量下，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)不能改善膜通量。原水(shui)(shui)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)的微濾濃(nong)度(du)為(wei)2-7kDa，特別(bie)是3-5kDa。活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附的有(you)機(ji)物(wu)濃(nong)度(du)約為(wei)3kDa 水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)分(fen)子量。顯然，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)對水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)分(fen)子物(wu)質(zhi)影響(xiang)不大。

　　微(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)后(hou)(hou)原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)的(de)疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)變化如圖6所示(shi)(shi)。可(ke)見(jian)，微(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)主要去除疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。圖7顯示(shi)(shi)了原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)中不同(tong)水(shui)(shui)中有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)分子量(liang)的(de)疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)變化。膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)后(hou)(hou)，疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)的(de)比(bi)例(li)明(ming)顯下降，特別是(shi)2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。相比(bi)之(zhi)下，親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)的(de)比(bi)例(li)顯著(zhu)增加(jia)。本研究(jiu)采用親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)PVDF膜(mo)(mo)。因此，疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不能通(tong)過膜(mo)(mo)并(bing)停留在膜(mo)(mo)表(biao)面。親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)容易通(tong)過膜(mo)(mo)，然后(hou)(hou)親水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)在滲透物(wu)(wu)中的(de)比(bi)例(li)顯著(zhu)增加(jia)。膜(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污染物(wu)(wu)似乎(hu)是(shi)2-7kDa 疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)是(shi)重點。活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)僅部分吸附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，輕微(wei)促進膜(mo)(mo)污染。這是(shi)因為活性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)顯著(zhu)去除有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，增強膜(mo)(mo)通(tong)量(liang)。