活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附對微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)能的(de)影響。結果表明，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)預處(chu)理為(wei)10-200 mg / L 在劑(ji)量下(xia)，溶解有(you)機碳(DOC)和254 nm紫(zi)外吸(xi)(xi)收光(guang)譜(UV 254)都(dou)能提(ti)供高有(you)機物去(qu)除(chu)率。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)MF隨著活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附有(you)機物的(de)增加，膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)去(qu)除(chu)效率降低。主要去(qu)除(chu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)約(yue)3kDa有(you)機物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)分子量。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)(xi)附后，膜(mo)(mo)(mo)在膜(mo)(mo)(mo)上保(bao)持(chi)超過(guo)(guo)5kDa有(you)機物質(zhi)(zhi)。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)結果表明，無論(lun)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量如何，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)預處(chu)理都(dou)略微促(cu)進膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)量。似乎有(you)機污(wu)垢膜(mo)(mo)(mo)集中在3以上kDa的(de)微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)除(chu)明顯小(xiao)于33kDa 微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)有(you)機物超過(guo)(guo)3種kDa有(you)機物質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)影響較小(xiao)。因此，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)不能減(jian)少膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)染(ran)。

　　膜污染是水(shui)處理(li)的重要問(wen)題之一。膜結(jie)垢(gou)導致膜通(tong)量降低和性能差。一些(xie)研究表明，天然有(you)機(ji)物(wu)(NOM)負(fu)責炭吸附(fu)是飲用水(shui)中(zhong)負(fu)責微濾膜污染或垢(gou)。活性炭吸附(fu)是減少(shao)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)污染膜的好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)作水處(chu)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)吸收(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)吸附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，因(yin)(yin)此采用(yong)(yong)預處(chu)理(li)，減(jian)少(shao)膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)，提高膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。然(ran)而，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)對(dui)提高膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)效率有(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)結(jie)論(lun)。一(yi)(yi)些研究表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，當(dang)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)保持膜(mo)(mo)表(biao)面時(shi)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)以(yi)增強膜(mo)(mo)通量 。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)懸浮在活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)/超濾(lv)(lv)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是吸收(shou)低分子腐(fu)殖(zhi)酸(suan)(HA)。膜(mo)(mo)提供物(wu)(wu)理(li)屏(ping)障(zhang)，防止活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)通過(guo)，從而保留吸附在活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上的(de)(de)有(you)機化合物(wu)(wu)。發現活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導致更(geng)大的(de)(de)絮凝顆粒，并(bing)通過(guo)預處(chu)理(li)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)來減(jian)少(shao)每個(ge)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)周期的(de)(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加。研究天(tian)然(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)在耦合超細(xi)(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)/微濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，天(tian)然(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)被證明(ming)(ming)是膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)和(he)超細(xi)(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)(yin)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)實際上比單獨的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)減(jian)少(shao)了(le)結(jie)垢(gou)。然(ran)而，一(yi)(yi)些研究人員報告(gao)說(shuo)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)存在會加重膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)或(huo)不(bu)影(ying)響膜(mo)(mo)通量。 在反洗水中(zhong)(zhong)發現活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們可(ke)能(neng)(neng)在污垢(gou)層的(de)(de)生長過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)積累(lei)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)既不(bu)促(cu)進也不(bu)控制膜(mo)(mo)可(ke)逆結(jie)垢(gou)。

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)用于處理微濾(lv)膜前的(de)預處理和地表水(shui)。實(shi)驗的(de)主要目的(de)是研究活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)對膜性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)影響(xiang)，特別關注活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)微濾(lv)膜工藝對有(you)機物去除率(lv)和膜通量的(de)影響(xiang)。木質活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。粒度分布為：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使用前，加(jia)入少量去離子水(shui)均勻化活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。在原水(shui)中(zhong)加(jia)入10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)劑量。本(ben)實(shi)驗采用黃浦江地表水(shui)。在水(shui)樣中(zhong)加(jia)入活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)100rpm快速攪拌30分鐘(zhong)(zhong)1分鐘(zhong)(zhong)，攪拌30分鐘(zhong)(zhong)rpm緩慢(man)混合(he)，然后用0.45μm過濾(lv)器過濾(lv)水(shui)樣品(pin)。以下膜過濾(lv)用過濾(lv)水(shui)樣品(pin)。

　　溶解有機碳和(he)活性炭和(he)微濾(lv)過程UV254去(qu)除率

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)和UV如圖所示，254的效率。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去除(chu)率較高(gao)。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑量(liang)為10-2000 mg / L當溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)的去除(chu)率從(cong)3開始.0%提高(gao)到59.8%。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附后，微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)過濾(lv)(lv)水樣，溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)從(cong)21中去除(chu)滲透物.1%穩定增(zeng)加到62.2%。然而(er)，隨著(zhu)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑量(liang)的增(zeng)加，微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去除(chu)量(liang)略有(you)(you)增(zeng)加。

　　與溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有機(ji)碳(tan)相比，UV254去除(chu)率(lv)高(gao)。隨著(zhu)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量(liang)從100開(kai)始mg / L增(zeng)加(jia)到200mg / L，超濾(lv)吸收去除(chu)率(lv)為10.1%增(zeng)加(jia)到70.3%。與微濾(lv)過濾(lv)后溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有機(ji)碳(tan)去除(chu)率(lv)相似，活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)用量(liang)越高(gao)，微濾(lv)膜去除(chu)UV254越低。可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)有機(ji)碳(tan)和(he)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)UV254去除(chu)率(lv)高(gao)，活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)，膜可(ke)去除(chu)殘留有機(ji)物。

　　在上述研究中，活(huo)性炭(tan)具(ju)有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)去除率。然而，即使在200年mg / L活(huo)性炭(tan)高的(de)(de)劑量(liang)下，活(huo)性炭(tan)不能(neng)改(gai)善膜通(tong)量(liang)。原水(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)質(zhi)的(de)(de)微濾(lv)濃(nong)度為(wei)2-7kDa，特別是3-5kDa。活(huo)性炭(tan)吸附的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)濃(nong)度約(yue)為(wei)3kDa 水(shui)中有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)分子量(liang)。顯然，活(huo)性炭(tan)對水(shui)中有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)分子物(wu)質(zhi)影響不大。

　　微濾膜過(guo)濾后原水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)/親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)變(bian)化(hua)如圖(tu)(tu)6所示(shi)。可見，微濾膜主(zhu)要去(qu)除(chu)(chu)疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。圖(tu)(tu)7顯示(shi)了原水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)不(bu)同水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)分子量(liang)的疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)/親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)變(bian)化(hua)。膜過(guo)濾后，疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)機(ji)(ji)質的比(bi)例(li)明顯下(xia)降，特別是2-7 kDa 有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。相比(bi)之下(xia)，親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)的比(bi)例(li)顯著增加。本研究采用親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)PVDF膜。因此(ci)，疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)物(wu)(wu)質不(bu)能(neng)通過(guo)膜并停留在(zai)膜表(biao)面。親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)容易(yi)通過(guo)膜，然后親(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)滲透物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的比(bi)例(li)顯著增加。膜有(you)機(ji)(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)似乎是2-7kDa 疏(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)是重點。活(huo)性(xing)炭僅部分吸附2-7 kDa 有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，輕微促進膜污(wu)染。這(zhe)是因為活(huo)性(xing)炭顯著去(qu)除(chu)(chu)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，增強(qiang)膜通量(liang)。