活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附(fu)對(dui)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)影響。結果表明，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)預(yu)處理為10-200 mg / L 在劑量(liang)下(xia)，溶(rong)解有(you)機碳(DOC)和254 nm紫外吸(xi)收光譜(UV 254)都能(neng)(neng)提供高(gao)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率。通過MF隨著活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附(fu)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)增加，膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)效率降(jiang)低。主要去(qu)(qu)除(chu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)約(yue)3kDa有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)分子量(liang)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附(fu)后，膜(mo)(mo)在膜(mo)(mo)上保持超過5kDa有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)。膜(mo)(mo)過濾(lv)結果表明，無論活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑量(liang)如(ru)何，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)處理都略微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)促進膜(mo)(mo)通量(liang)。似乎有(you)機污垢膜(mo)(mo)集中在3以上kDa的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)明顯小(xiao)于33kDa 微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)超過3種kDa有(you)機物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)影響較小(xiao)。因此，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)不能(neng)(neng)減(jian)少膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)。

　　膜(mo)污染(ran)是(shi)(shi)水(shui)處理的重要問(wen)題之一(yi)(yi)。膜(mo)結垢導(dao)致膜(mo)通量降(jiang)低和性(xing)能差(cha)。一(yi)(yi)些研究表明，天然有(you)機(ji)物(NOM)負責炭吸附(fu)是(shi)(shi)飲用水(shui)中負責微濾膜(mo)污染(ran)或垢。活(huo)性(xing)炭吸附(fu)是(shi)(shi)減少有(you)機(ji)物污染(ran)膜(mo)的好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)廣泛(fan)用作水處(chu)(chu)理中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)天然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)吸(xi)附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，因此采(cai)用預處(chu)(chu)理，減少(shao)膜(mo)污(wu)染(ran)，提(ti)高膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。然而，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)對提(ti)高膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)效率有(you)(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)論(lun)。一些研(yan)究表明，當活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)保(bao)持膜(mo)表面(mian)時，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)以(yi)增強膜(mo)通量 。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)懸(xuan)浮在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)/超濾(lv)(lv)系統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)作用是吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)低分(fen)子腐(fu)殖酸(suan)(HA)。膜(mo)提(ti)供物(wu)理屏障，防(fang)止活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)通過(guo)，從而保(bao)留吸(xi)附在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)化合物(wu)。發現活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)能導致更大(da)的(de)(de)(de)絮凝顆粒(li)，并通過(guo)預處(chu)(chu)理活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)來減少(shao)每個(ge)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)周期的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加。研(yan)究天然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)在(zai)(zai)耦合超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)/微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)作用表明，天然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)被證明是膜(mo)污(wu)染(ran)和超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)實際上(shang)比單獨的(de)(de)(de)天然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)減少(shao)了結(jie)垢(gou)。然而，一些研(yan)究人員報告(gao)說，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)會加重膜(mo)污(wu)染(ran)或不(bu)影響膜(mo)通量。 在(zai)(zai)反洗水中(zhong)發現活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒(li)，因為它們(men)可(ke)能在(zai)(zai)污(wu)垢(gou)層的(de)(de)(de)生長過(guo)程中(zhong)積累。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)既(ji)不(bu)促進也不(bu)控制膜(mo)可(ke)逆結(jie)垢(gou)。

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭用(yong)于處(chu)理微濾(lv)膜(mo)前的(de)(de)預處(chu)理和地(di)表水。實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)是研究活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭對膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)影響，特別關注(zhu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭微濾(lv)膜(mo)工(gong)藝(yi)對有(you)機物去除(chu)率和膜(mo)通量的(de)(de)影響。木質(zhi)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭。粒度分布為：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使用(yong)前，加入少量去離子水均勻化(hua)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭。在原水中加入10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭劑量。本實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)采(cai)用(yong)黃浦江地(di)表水。在水樣(yang)中加入活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭100rpm快(kuai)速攪拌30分鐘1分鐘，攪拌30分鐘rpm緩慢混合(he)，然后用(yong)0.45μm過(guo)濾(lv)器過(guo)濾(lv)水樣(yang)品。以下膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)用(yong)過(guo)濾(lv)水樣(yang)品。

　　溶解有機碳和活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)和微(wei)濾(lv)過程UV254去(qu)除率

　　活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)和UV如圖所示，254的效率。活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)溶解(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)(qu)除(chu)率較高(gao)。活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)劑(ji)量(liang)為10-2000 mg / L當溶解(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)的去(qu)(qu)(qu)除(chu)率從(cong)3開(kai)始.0%提高(gao)到59.8%。活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)吸附后(hou)，微(wei)濾膜過(guo)濾水(shui)樣，溶解(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)從(cong)21中去(qu)(qu)(qu)除(chu)滲透(tou)物(wu).1%穩定增加到62.2%。然(ran)而(er)，隨(sui)著活(huo)(huo)性炭(tan)劑(ji)量(liang)的增加，微(wei)濾膜溶解(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)(qu)除(chu)量(liang)略有(you)(you)增加。

　　與溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)相(xiang)比，UV254去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)。隨(sui)著活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量從100開始(shi)mg / L增加(jia)到(dao)200mg / L，超濾(lv)吸收去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)為10.1%增加(jia)到(dao)70.3%。與微濾(lv)過濾(lv)后溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)相(xiang)似，活(huo)性炭(tan)用量越高(gao)，微濾(lv)膜去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)UV254越低。可溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)和活(huo)性炭(tan)UV254去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)，活(huo)性炭(tan)含量高(gao)，膜可去(qu)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)殘留有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)。

　　在(zai)上述研究中(zhong)，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)較高的有(you)機物去除(chu)率。然(ran)而，即使在(zai)200年mg / L活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)高的劑(ji)量(liang)下，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)不(bu)能改善膜(mo)通(tong)量(liang)。原(yuan)水(shui)有(you)機質的微濾濃度(du)為(wei)2-7kDa，特別是3-5kDa。活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附的有(you)機物濃度(du)約為(wei)3kDa 水(shui)中(zhong)有(you)機物分子量(liang)。顯然(ran)，活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)對水(shui)中(zhong)有(you)機物分子物質影響不(bu)大。

　　微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜過(guo)濾(lv)后原水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)/親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)變化如圖6所示。可(ke)見(jian)，微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜主要去除疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)。圖7顯(xian)(xian)示了原水(shui)(shui)(shui)中不(bu)同水(shui)(shui)(shui)中有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)分子量的(de)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)/親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)變化。膜過(guo)濾(lv)后，疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質的(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例明顯(xian)(xian)下(xia)降，特別是2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)。相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)(bi)之(zhi)下(xia)，親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)的(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。本研究(jiu)采(cai)用親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)PVDF膜。因此，疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)物(wu)質不(bu)能通過(guo)膜并停留在(zai)膜表面。親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)容易通過(guo)膜，然后親水(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)在(zai)滲透(tou)物(wu)中的(de)比(bi)(bi)(bi)例顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)。膜有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)似乎是2-7kDa 疏(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)是重點。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭僅部(bu)分吸(xi)附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)，輕微(wei)(wei)促(cu)進膜污(wu)染。這是因為活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭顯(xian)(xian)著(zhu)去除有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)，增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)強膜通量。