活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)對(dui)微濾(lv)膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)影響。結果表明，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭預(yu)處理(li)為10-200 mg / L 在(zai)劑量下(xia)，溶(rong)解有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(DOC)和254 nm紫外吸(xi)收光譜(UV 254)都(dou)能(neng)提供高有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)去(qu)除率。通過MF隨著活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)的(de)增加，膜(mo)過濾(lv)去(qu)除效率降低。主要去(qu)除活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭約3kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質的(de)分子(zi)量。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)后，膜(mo)在(zai)膜(mo)上保持超過5kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質。膜(mo)過濾(lv)結果表明，無(wu)論活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭劑量如何(he)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)預(yu)處理(li)都(dou)略微促(cu)進(jin)膜(mo)通量。似乎有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)污垢膜(mo)集中在(zai)3以上kDa的(de)微濾(lv)膜(mo)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭去(qu)除明顯小(xiao)(xiao)于33kDa 微濾(lv)膜(mo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)超過3種(zhong)kDa有(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質的(de)影響較小(xiao)(xiao)。因此，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭不能(neng)減少膜(mo)污染。

　　膜污染是(shi)水處(chu)理的重要問題之一(yi)。膜結垢導致(zhi)膜通量(liang)降低(di)和性能(neng)差。一(yi)些研究表(biao)明，天然(ran)有(you)機物(NOM)負責炭吸附(fu)是(shi)飲(yin)用水中負責微濾膜污染或垢。活性炭吸附(fu)是(shi)減(jian)少有(you)機物污染膜的好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)廣(guang)泛(fan)用作(zuo)水(shui)處(chu)理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)收劑(ji)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)具有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)天然(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)吸(xi)(xi)附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，因(yin)此采(cai)用預處(chu)理(li)，減少膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染，提(ti)高膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。然(ran)而，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)對提(ti)高膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)效(xiao)率有(you)(you)不同的(de)結論(lun)。一些研(yan)究表明(ming)(ming)，當活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)保(bao)持膜(mo)(mo)表面時，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)可(ke)以增強膜(mo)(mo)通量 。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)懸(xuan)浮在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)/超(chao)濾(lv)系統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)作(zuo)用是吸(xi)(xi)收低分(fen)子腐(fu)殖酸(HA)。膜(mo)(mo)提(ti)供物(wu)理(li)屏障，防止活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)，從而保(bao)留吸(xi)(xi)附在(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)上的(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)化合(he)物(wu)。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)導致更大的(de)絮凝顆粒，并通過(guo)(guo)(guo)預處(chu)理(li)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)來減少每個過(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)周期的(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加(jia)(jia)。研(yan)究天然(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)在(zai)耦合(he)超(chao)細活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)/微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)作(zuo)用表明(ming)(ming)，天然(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)被證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)是膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染和超(chao)細活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)主要原(yuan)因(yin)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)實際(ji)上比單獨(du)的(de)天然(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)減少了(le)結垢。然(ran)而，一些研(yan)究人員(yuan)報告說，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)的(de)存在(zai)會(hui)加(jia)(jia)重膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染或不影響膜(mo)(mo)通量。 在(zai)反洗(xi)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)顆粒，因(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們可(ke)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)污(wu)垢層的(de)生長過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)積累(lei)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)既(ji)不促進(jin)也不控制膜(mo)(mo)可(ke)逆結垢。

　　活性炭(tan)(tan)用(yong)(yong)于處(chu)理微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)前的預(yu)處(chu)理和地表水(shui)。實(shi)驗的主要(yao)目的是研(yan)究(jiu)活性炭(tan)(tan)對膜(mo)(mo)(mo)性能的影響(xiang)(xiang)，特別關注(zhu)活性炭(tan)(tan)微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)工藝對有機物(wu)去(qu)除率和膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通量的影響(xiang)(xiang)。木質活性炭(tan)(tan)。粒度分(fen)布為：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使用(yong)(yong)前，加入(ru)少量去(qu)離子水(shui)均勻化活性炭(tan)(tan)。在原水(shui)中加入(ru)10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活性炭(tan)(tan)劑量。本實(shi)驗采用(yong)(yong)黃浦江地表水(shui)。在水(shui)樣中加入(ru)活性炭(tan)(tan)100rpm快速攪拌30分(fen)鐘1分(fen)鐘，攪拌30分(fen)鐘rpm緩慢混合，然后用(yong)(yong)0.45μm過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)器過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)水(shui)樣品。以下膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)用(yong)(yong)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)水(shui)樣品。

　　溶(rong)解有(you)機(ji)碳和(he)活性炭(tan)和(he)微(wei)濾過(guo)程UV254去除率(lv)

　　活(huo)性炭(tan)和UV如圖所(suo)示，254的(de)效率。活(huo)性炭(tan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)有(you)機碳(tan)去除率較(jiao)高(gao)。活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量(liang)(liang)為10-2000 mg / L當溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)有(you)機碳(tan)的(de)去除率從3開始.0%提高(gao)到(dao)59.8%。活(huo)性炭(tan)吸(xi)附后(hou)，微(wei)濾膜(mo)過濾水樣，溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)有(you)機碳(tan)從21中去除滲透物(wu).1%穩定(ding)增加到(dao)62.2%。然而，隨(sui)著(zhu)活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量(liang)(liang)的(de)增加，微(wei)濾膜(mo)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)有(you)機碳(tan)去除量(liang)(liang)略有(you)增加。

　　與(yu)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)相比，UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率高(gao)(gao)。隨著活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑量(liang)(liang)從100開始mg / L增(zeng)加到200mg / L，超濾(lv)吸(xi)收去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率為10.1%增(zeng)加到70.3%。與(yu)微(wei)濾(lv)過濾(lv)后(hou)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率相似，活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)用量(liang)(liang)越高(gao)(gao)，微(wei)濾(lv)膜去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)UV254越低。可(ke)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)和(he)活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率高(gao)(gao)，活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)含量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)，膜可(ke)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)殘留有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)物。

　　在上(shang)述(shu)研究中(zhong)，活(huo)性(xing)炭具(ju)有較高的有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)去除率。然(ran)而，即使(shi)在200年mg / L活(huo)性(xing)炭高的劑量(liang)(liang)下，活(huo)性(xing)炭不(bu)(bu)能改(gai)善膜(mo)通量(liang)(liang)。原水(shui)(shui)有機(ji)質的微(wei)濾濃度(du)為(wei)2-7kDa，特別是3-5kDa。活(huo)性(xing)炭吸附的有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)濃度(du)約為(wei)3kDa 水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)分子(zi)量(liang)(liang)。顯(xian)然(ran)，活(huo)性(xing)炭對水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有機(ji)物(wu)(wu)分子(zi)物(wu)(wu)質影響(xiang)不(bu)(bu)大(da)。

　　微(wei)(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾后原水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)化如(ru)圖6所(suo)示。可(ke)見，微(wei)(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)主(zhu)要去除(chu)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。圖7顯(xian)示了原水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)不同水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)分(fen)子量的(de)(de)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)化。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾后，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例明顯(xian)下降(jiang)，特別(bie)是2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)。相比(bi)(bi)之(zhi)下，親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例顯(xian)著增(zeng)加。本研究采用親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)PVDF膜(mo)(mo)(mo)。因此，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不能通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)并停(ting)留在膜(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)面。親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)容(rong)易通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，然后親(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)在滲透物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)例顯(xian)著增(zeng)加。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)似乎是2-7kDa 疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)是重點。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)僅部分(fen)吸(xi)附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，輕微(wei)(wei)促(cu)進膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)。這是因為活性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)顯(xian)著去除(chu)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)，增(zeng)強膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通量。