活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)對微濾膜(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。結(jie)果(guo)(guo)表(biao)明，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭預(yu)處(chu)理為10-200 mg / L 在(zai)劑(ji)量(liang)下(xia)，溶解有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)碳(DOC)和254 nm紫外吸(xi)收光譜(UV 254)都能提供高有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物去除(chu)率(lv)。通(tong)過(guo)MF隨(sui)著活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾去除(chu)效率(lv)降低。主要去除(chu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭約3kDa有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物質的(de)(de)(de)分子量(liang)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附(fu)(fu)后，膜(mo)(mo)在(zai)膜(mo)(mo)上(shang)保持超(chao)過(guo)5kDa有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物質。膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾結(jie)果(guo)(guo)表(biao)明，無(wu)論活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭劑(ji)量(liang)如何，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)處(chu)理都略微促(cu)進膜(mo)(mo)通(tong)量(liang)。似乎有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污垢膜(mo)(mo)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)3以(yi)上(shang)kDa的(de)(de)(de)微濾膜(mo)(mo)。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭去除(chu)明顯小(xiao)于33kDa 微濾膜(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物超(chao)過(guo)3種kDa有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物質的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)較(jiao)小(xiao)。因此，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭不能減少膜(mo)(mo)污染(ran)。

　　膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)是(shi)水處理的(de)重要問題之一。膜(mo)(mo)結垢(gou)導致膜(mo)(mo)通量降低和性能差(cha)。一些研(yan)究表(biao)明，天然有(you)機物(wu)(NOM)負責炭吸附是(shi)飲用水中(zhong)負責微(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)或垢(gou)。活性炭吸附是(shi)減(jian)少(shao)有(you)機物(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭廣(guang)泛用(yong)作水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)吸收(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭具有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)吸附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，因此采(cai)用(yong)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)，減(jian)少膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染，提高(gao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。然(ran)(ran)(ran)而，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭對提高(gao)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)效率有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)結(jie)論。一些研(yan)究表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，當活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭保(bao)持膜(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)面時(shi)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)強膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)量(liang) 。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭懸浮在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭/超(chao)濾(lv)(lv)系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是吸收(shou)低分(fen)子腐殖酸(HA)。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)提供物(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)(li)屏障，防止(zhi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭通(tong)過(guo)(guo)，從(cong)而保(bao)留吸附(fu)在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭上(shang)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)化合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。發(fa)現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭可(ke)(ke)能導致更大(da)的(de)(de)絮凝顆粒，并通(tong)過(guo)(guo)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭來減(jian)少每個過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)周期的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增(zeng)加。研(yan)究天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)耦合(he)超(chao)細(xi)(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭/微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)作用(yong)表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)被(bei)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)是膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染和超(chao)細(xi)(xi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)(de)主要原因，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭實際(ji)上(shang)比單(dan)獨的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)(ran)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)減(jian)少了(le)結(jie)垢(gou)。然(ran)(ran)(ran)而，一些研(yan)究人(ren)員報告說(shuo)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)會(hui)加重膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染或不(bu)(bu)影響(xiang)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)量(liang)。 在(zai)(zai)反(fan)洗(xi)水(shui)中(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭顆粒，因為它們(men)可(ke)(ke)能在(zai)(zai)污垢(gou)層的(de)(de)生長過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)積累(lei)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭既(ji)不(bu)(bu)促進也不(bu)(bu)控制膜(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)(ke)逆結(jie)垢(gou)。

　　活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)于處(chu)理微(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)前的(de)(de)預處(chu)理和(he)地表(biao)水(shui)。實驗的(de)(de)主要目的(de)(de)是(shi)研究活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)對膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，特別關注活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)微(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)工(gong)藝(yi)對有機(ji)物(wu)去(qu)除率和(he)膜(mo)通量的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。木質活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。粒(li)度分布為：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使(shi)用(yong)前，加(jia)入(ru)少(shao)量去(qu)離子水(shui)均(jun)勻化活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)。在(zai)原(yuan)水(shui)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)劑量。本實驗采(cai)用(yong)黃(huang)浦江地表(biao)水(shui)。在(zai)水(shui)樣中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)100rpm快速(su)攪拌(ban)30分鐘(zhong)1分鐘(zhong)，攪拌(ban)30分鐘(zhong)rpm緩慢混合，然(ran)后用(yong)0.45μm過濾(lv)器過濾(lv)水(shui)樣品(pin)。以(yi)下膜(mo)過濾(lv)用(yong)過濾(lv)水(shui)樣品(pin)。

　　溶解有機碳(tan)和活性炭和微濾過程UV254去除率

　　活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)和UV如圖(tu)所(suo)示，254的效率(lv)。活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)溶解(jie)(jie)有機碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)較高。活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量為10-2000 mg / L當溶解(jie)(jie)有機碳(tan)的去(qu)(qu)除率(lv)從3開始.0%提高到(dao)59.8%。活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)吸(xi)附后(hou)，微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜過濾(lv)(lv)水樣(yang)，溶解(jie)(jie)有機碳(tan)從21中去(qu)(qu)除滲透物.1%穩定增加到(dao)62.2%。然而，隨(sui)著活性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量的增加，微(wei)濾(lv)(lv)膜溶解(jie)(jie)有機碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)除量略(lve)有增加。

　　與(yu)溶解有機(ji)碳(tan)相比，UV254去(qu)(qu)(qu)除率高(gao)。隨著(zhu)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)劑量從100開始mg / L增(zeng)加(jia)到200mg / L，超濾吸(xi)收去(qu)(qu)(qu)除率為10.1%增(zeng)加(jia)到70.3%。與(yu)微濾過濾后溶解有機(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)(qu)(qu)除率相似(si)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)用(yong)量越高(gao)，微濾膜(mo)去(qu)(qu)(qu)除UV254越低。可溶解有機(ji)碳(tan)和活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)UV254去(qu)(qu)(qu)除率高(gao)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)含量高(gao)，膜(mo)可去(qu)(qu)(qu)除殘留有機(ji)物。

　　在上(shang)述研(yan)究(jiu)中，活(huo)性炭(tan)(tan)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)高的(de)有(you)(you)機物去除率(lv)。然而，即使在200年mg / L活(huo)性炭(tan)(tan)高的(de)劑量(liang)(liang)下(xia)，活(huo)性炭(tan)(tan)不(bu)能改(gai)善膜通量(liang)(liang)。原(yuan)水有(you)(you)機質的(de)微濾(lv)濃(nong)度(du)為2-7kDa，特(te)別是3-5kDa。活(huo)性炭(tan)(tan)吸附(fu)的(de)有(you)(you)機物濃(nong)度(du)約為3kDa 水中有(you)(you)機物分子量(liang)(liang)。顯然，活(huo)性炭(tan)(tan)對(dui)水中有(you)(you)機物分子物質影(ying)響不(bu)大。

　　微(wei)(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾后原(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)的疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)變化(hua)如圖(tu)6所示(shi)。可見，微(wei)(wei)濾膜(mo)(mo)主要去(qu)除(chu)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。圖(tu)7顯示(shi)了原(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)不同(tong)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)子(zi)量的疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)變化(hua)。膜(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾后，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)質的比(bi)(bi)例明顯下降(jiang)，特別是(shi)(shi)2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)之下，親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的比(bi)(bi)例顯著增加。本研究(jiu)采用親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)PVDF膜(mo)(mo)。因(yin)此，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質不能(neng)通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)并停(ting)留(liu)在膜(mo)(mo)表面。親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)容(rong)易通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)，然后親(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在滲透物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的比(bi)(bi)例顯著增加。膜(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)機(ji)污(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)似乎是(shi)(shi)2-7kDa 疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)重點。活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)僅部分(fen)吸附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，輕微(wei)(wei)促進膜(mo)(mo)污(wu)染。這是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為活性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)顯著去(qu)除(chu)有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，增強膜(mo)(mo)通量。