活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附對微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的影響。結果表明，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)預處理(li)為10-200 mg / L 在劑(ji)量(liang)下(xia)，溶解有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)碳(DOC)和254 nm紫外吸收(shou)光譜(UV 254)都能(neng)(neng)提供高有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)去(qu)除(chu)率(lv)。通過(guo)MF隨(sui)著(zhu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)的增加，膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)去(qu)除(chu)效率(lv)降低。主要去(qu)除(chu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)約3kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的分(fen)子量(liang)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附后(hou)，膜(mo)在膜(mo)上保(bao)持超過(guo)5kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)。膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)結果表明，無論(lun)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量(liang)如(ru)何(he)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的預處理(li)都略(lve)微(wei)(wei)促進膜(mo)通量(liang)。似(si)乎有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污(wu)垢膜(mo)集(ji)中在3以上kDa的微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)除(chu)明顯小于33kDa 微(wei)(wei)濾(lv)膜(mo)有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)超過(guo)3種kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的影響較(jiao)小。因此，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)不能(neng)(neng)減少膜(mo)污(wu)染。

　　膜(mo)污(wu)染是(shi)水(shui)處理的重要問(wen)題之一。膜(mo)結(jie)垢導致膜(mo)通量降低和性能差。一些研究表明，天然(ran)有機物(NOM)負(fu)責炭(tan)吸附(fu)是(shi)飲用水(shui)中(zhong)負(fu)責微濾膜(mo)污(wu)染或垢。活性炭(tan)吸附(fu)是(shi)減少有機物污(wu)染膜(mo)的好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)廣(guang)泛用作(zuo)(zuo)水處理(li)(li)中(zhong)的(de)(de)吸收(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)(you)良好的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)吸附(fu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，因(yin)(yin)(yin)此采用預處理(li)(li)，減少膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)染，提(ti)高膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。然而，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)對提(ti)高膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)效率有(you)(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)論。一些研究(jiu)(jiu)表(biao)明，當活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)保(bao)持膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)表(biao)面時(shi)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)以增強膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang) 。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)懸浮在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/超濾(lv)(lv)系統中(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用是吸收(shou)低分子腐殖酸(suan)(HA)。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)提(ti)供(gong)物(wu)理(li)(li)屏障，防(fang)止活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)通(tong)(tong)過，從而保(bao)留吸附(fu)在(zai)(zai)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)上的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)化合物(wu)。發現活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)能(neng)導致更(geng)大的(de)(de)絮凝顆粒，并通(tong)(tong)過預處理(li)(li)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)來(lai)減少每(mei)個過濾(lv)(lv)周期的(de)(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加。研究(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)(tian)然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)在(zai)(zai)耦合超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/微濾(lv)(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)過程中(zhong)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用表(biao)明，天(tian)(tian)然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)被證明是膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)染和超細(xi)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)主要原因(yin)(yin)(yin)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)實際(ji)上比單(dan)獨的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)然有(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)減少了結(jie)(jie)(jie)垢。然而，一些研究(jiu)(jiu)人員報告說(shuo)，活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)會加重膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)染或不影響膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)。 在(zai)(zai)反洗水中(zhong)發現活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒，因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)它(ta)們(men)可(ke)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)污(wu)(wu)垢層的(de)(de)生長過程中(zhong)積累(lei)。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)既不促進也不控制(zhi)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)逆結(jie)(jie)(jie)垢。

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)用于處(chu)理(li)微濾(lv)膜(mo)前的(de)預(yu)處(chu)理(li)和地表(biao)水(shui)。實(shi)驗(yan)的(de)主要目(mu)的(de)是研究(jiu)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)對(dui)膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)影響(xiang)，特別(bie)關注活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)微濾(lv)膜(mo)工藝(yi)對(dui)有機物去(qu)除率和膜(mo)通量的(de)影響(xiang)。木質活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)。粒度分(fen)(fen)布為(wei)：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使用前，加(jia)入少量去(qu)離子水(shui)均勻化活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)。在原水(shui)中加(jia)入10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑量。本實(shi)驗(yan)采用黃浦江(jiang)地表(biao)水(shui)。在水(shui)樣中加(jia)入活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)100rpm快速攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)30分(fen)(fen)鐘1分(fen)(fen)鐘，攪(jiao)(jiao)拌(ban)30分(fen)(fen)鐘rpm緩慢(man)混(hun)合，然后(hou)用0.45μm過(guo)濾(lv)器過(guo)濾(lv)水(shui)樣品。以下膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)用過(guo)濾(lv)水(shui)樣品。

　　溶解(jie)有(you)機碳和活(huo)性炭和微濾(lv)過程UV254去除(chu)率

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭和UV如(ru)圖所(suo)示，254的效率。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭溶(rong)(rong)解有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)率較高。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭劑(ji)量為10-2000 mg / L當溶(rong)(rong)解有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)的去(qu)除(chu)(chu)率從(cong)3開始.0%提(ti)高到59.8%。活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭吸附后(hou)，微濾(lv)膜(mo)過濾(lv)水樣(yang)，溶(rong)(rong)解有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)從(cong)21中去(qu)除(chu)(chu)滲透物.1%穩定增(zeng)加(jia)到62.2%。然而，隨著活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭劑(ji)量的增(zeng)加(jia)，微濾(lv)膜(mo)溶(rong)(rong)解有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(tan)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)量略有(you)(you)增(zeng)加(jia)。

　　與溶解有機碳相(xiang)比，UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)高。隨(sui)著活(huo)性(xing)炭劑量(liang)從100開始mg / L增加(jia)到200mg / L，超濾吸收去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)為10.1%增加(jia)到70.3%。與微濾過濾后溶解有機碳去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)相(xiang)似，活(huo)性(xing)炭用量(liang)越高，微濾膜去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)UV254越低。可溶解有機碳和活(huo)性(xing)炭UV254去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)率(lv)(lv)高，活(huo)性(xing)炭含量(liang)高，膜可去(qu)(qu)除(chu)(chu)殘(can)留有機物。

　　在上述(shu)研究(jiu)中，活性炭(tan)(tan)具有較高的(de)有機物(wu)去除率(lv)。然而，即使在200年mg / L活性炭(tan)(tan)高的(de)劑量(liang)下，活性炭(tan)(tan)不能改善(shan)膜通量(liang)。原水(shui)有機質的(de)微(wei)濾濃度(du)為(wei)2-7kDa，特(te)別(bie)是3-5kDa。活性炭(tan)(tan)吸附的(de)有機物(wu)濃度(du)約為(wei)3kDa 水(shui)中有機物(wu)分子量(liang)。顯然，活性炭(tan)(tan)對水(shui)中有機物(wu)分子物(wu)質影(ying)響不大。

　　微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)后(hou)原(yuan)水(shui)的(de)疏(shu)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)如圖6所示。可見，微濾(lv)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)主(zhu)要去除(chu)疏(shu)水(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。圖7顯(xian)(xian)示了原(yuan)水(shui)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同水(shui)中(zhong)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分子量的(de)疏(shu)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)后(hou)，疏(shu)水(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)質(zhi)的(de)比例明顯(xian)(xian)下(xia)降，特別是(shi)2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。相比之下(xia)，親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)比例顯(xian)(xian)著增(zeng)加。本研究(jiu)采用親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)PVDF膜(mo)(mo)(mo)。因此，疏(shu)水(shui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)能通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)并停(ting)留在膜(mo)(mo)(mo)表面。親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)容易(yi)通過(guo)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，然后(hou)親(qin)水(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在滲透物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的(de)比例顯(xian)(xian)著增(zeng)加。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)似乎是(shi)2-7kDa 疏(shu)水(shui)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)重點。活性(xing)(xing)炭僅部分吸附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，輕(qing)微促(cu)進膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)。這是(shi)因為活性(xing)(xing)炭顯(xian)(xian)著去除(chu)有(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，增(zeng)強膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通量。