活性炭對微濾膜的影響

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附對微濾(lv)膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)影響。結果表明(ming)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)預(yu)處理(li)為10-200 mg / L 在劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)下，溶(rong)解有(you)機(ji)(ji)碳(DOC)和(he)254 nm紫(zi)外吸收光譜(UV 254)都(dou)能提供高有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)去(qu)除(chu)率。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)MF隨著活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)的(de)增(zeng)加，膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)去(qu)除(chu)效率降低。主要去(qu)除(chu)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)約(yue)3kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)分子(zi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)吸附后，膜(mo)在膜(mo)上(shang)保持(chi)超過(guo)5kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)。膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)結果表明(ming)，無論活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)如何，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)預(yu)處理(li)都(dou)略微促進(jin)膜(mo)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。似乎有(you)機(ji)(ji)污(wu)垢膜(mo)集中在3以上(shang)kDa的(de)微濾(lv)膜(mo)。活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)除(chu)明(ming)顯小(xiao)于(yu)33kDa 微濾(lv)膜(mo)有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)超過(guo)3種kDa有(you)機(ji)(ji)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)影響較小(xiao)。因此，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)不能減少膜(mo)污(wu)染。

　　膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)是水處理的重要問(wen)題之一。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)結(jie)垢導致膜(mo)(mo)(mo)通量降(jiang)低(di)和(he)性(xing)能差。一些研究表明，天然有(you)(you)機物(NOM)負(fu)(fu)責炭吸附是飲用水中負(fu)(fu)責微濾膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)或垢。活(huo)性(xing)炭吸附是減少有(you)(you)機物污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的好選擇。

　　活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)廣泛用(yong)(yong)作水處理(li)中的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)收(shou)劑。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)具有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)吸(xi)附性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能，因此采(cai)用(yong)(yong)預(yu)處理(li)，減(jian)少膜(mo)污染(ran)，提(ti)高膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。然(ran)(ran)而，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)對提(ti)高膜(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)效率有(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)結論(lun)。一(yi)些研究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，當(dang)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)保持膜(mo)表(biao)面時，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)(ke)以增強(qiang)膜(mo)通(tong)量(liang)(liang) 。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)懸(xuan)浮在活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/超濾系統中的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)吸(xi)收(shou)低分(fen)子腐殖酸(HA)。膜(mo)提(ti)供(gong)物(wu)(wu)理(li)屏障，防止活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)通(tong)過，從而保留吸(xi)附在活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)機化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)。發(fa)現活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)可(ke)(ke)能導致更大的(de)(de)(de)絮凝顆粒，并通(tong)過預(yu)處理(li)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)來減(jian)少每個過濾周期的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)TMP增加(jia)。研究(jiu)天然(ran)(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)在耦合超細活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)/微濾膜(mo)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)表(biao)明(ming)，天然(ran)(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)被證明(ming)是(shi)膜(mo)污染(ran)和(he)超細活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)因，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)實際上(shang)比單獨的(de)(de)(de)天然(ran)(ran)有(you)機物(wu)(wu)減(jian)少了結垢(gou)。然(ran)(ran)而，一(yi)些研究(jiu)人(ren)員(yuan)報告(gao)說(shuo)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)存在會加(jia)重膜(mo)污染(ran)或(huo)不(bu)影(ying)響(xiang)膜(mo)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)。 在反(fan)洗水中發(fa)現活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)顆粒，因為它(ta)們可(ke)(ke)能在污垢(gou)層的(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)過程(cheng)中積累。活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)既不(bu)促進也(ye)不(bu)控制膜(mo)可(ke)(ke)逆(ni)(ni)結垢(gou)。

　　活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)用(yong)(yong)于處理微濾膜前的預處理和地表水(shui)(shui)。實驗(yan)的主要目(mu)的是研究活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)對(dui)膜性(xing)能的影(ying)響，特別關注活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)微濾膜工藝(yi)對(dui)有機物去除率和膜通量的影(ying)響。木質活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)。粒(li)度(du)分(fen)布為：>74μm-71%，>44μm-95%。使(shi)用(yong)(yong)前，加(jia)入少量去離子水(shui)(shui)均勻化(hua)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)。在原水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)加(jia)入10、50、100、200mg / L特殊活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)劑(ji)量。本實驗(yan)采用(yong)(yong)黃浦江(jiang)地表水(shui)(shui)。在水(shui)(shui)樣(yang)中(zhong)加(jia)入活(huo)(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)(tan)100rpm快速(su)攪(jiao)拌30分(fen)鐘(zhong)1分(fen)鐘(zhong)，攪(jiao)拌30分(fen)鐘(zhong)rpm緩(huan)慢混合，然后用(yong)(yong)0.45μm過(guo)(guo)濾器過(guo)(guo)濾水(shui)(shui)樣(yang)品。以下膜過(guo)(guo)濾用(yong)(yong)過(guo)(guo)濾水(shui)(shui)樣(yang)品。

　　溶解有機碳和活性炭和微濾過程(cheng)UV254去除率

　　活(huo)性炭(tan)和UV如圖所示，254的效率(lv)(lv)。活(huo)性炭(tan)溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)(tan)去(qu)除(chu)率(lv)(lv)較(jiao)高。活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量(liang)為10-2000 mg / L當溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)(tan)的去(qu)除(chu)率(lv)(lv)從3開始.0%提高到59.8%。活(huo)性炭(tan)吸附后，微濾(lv)膜過濾(lv)水樣，溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)(tan)從21中去(qu)除(chu)滲透物.1%穩定(ding)增(zeng)加到62.2%。然而，隨(sui)著活(huo)性炭(tan)劑量(liang)的增(zeng)加，微濾(lv)膜溶解(jie)(jie)有(you)機(ji)碳(tan)(tan)去(qu)除(chu)量(liang)略有(you)增(zeng)加。

　　與溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)有機(ji)碳相比(bi)，UV254去除(chu)(chu)率高(gao)。隨(sui)著(zhu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)劑量從(cong)100開始mg / L增加到(dao)200mg / L，超濾吸收去除(chu)(chu)率為10.1%增加到(dao)70.3%。與微濾過濾后溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)有機(ji)碳去除(chu)(chu)率相似，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)用量越高(gao)，微濾膜(mo)去除(chu)(chu)UV254越低。可溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)有機(ji)碳和活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)UV254去除(chu)(chu)率高(gao)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)含量高(gao)，膜(mo)可去除(chu)(chu)殘留有機(ji)物。

　　在(zai)上述研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭具有較高的(de)有機(ji)物去除(chu)率(lv)。然(ran)而(er)，即使在(zai)200年mg / L活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭高的(de)劑量下，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭不能改(gai)善膜通量。原水有機(ji)質的(de)微濾(lv)濃度為2-7kDa，特別是(shi)3-5kDa。活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭吸(xi)附的(de)有機(ji)物濃度約為3kDa 水中(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)物分子量。顯然(ran)，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭對水中(zhong)(zhong)有機(ji)物分子物質影響不大。

　　微濾(lv)膜過濾(lv)后原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)如圖(tu)6所示。可見(jian)，微濾(lv)膜主要去(qu)除疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)。圖(tu)7顯(xian)示了原(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中不同水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)分子量(liang)的(de)疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)/親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)化(hua)。膜過濾(lv)后，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)質的(de)比例明(ming)顯(xian)下(xia)降(jiang)，特別是(shi)(shi)2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)。相(xiang)比之(zhi)下(xia)，親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)的(de)比例顯(xian)著增加。本研(yan)究采用親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)PVDF膜。因此，疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)物(wu)(wu)質不能通過膜并停留在膜表面。親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)容易通過膜，然后親(qin)(qin)(qin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)在滲透物(wu)(wu)中的(de)比例顯(xian)著增加。膜有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)污染物(wu)(wu)似(si)乎是(shi)(shi)2-7kDa 疏(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)重點(dian)。活性(xing)(xing)炭僅部分吸附2-7 kDa 有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)，輕微促進(jin)膜污染。這是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)活性(xing)(xing)炭顯(xian)著去(qu)除有(you)(you)(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)，增強膜通量(liang)。